United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service ISSN: 1949- 162X Small Grains 2016 Summary September 2016 All wheat production totaled 2.31 billion bushels in 2016, up 12 percent from the revised 2015 total of 2.06 billion bushels. Area harvested for grain totaled 43.9 million acres, down 7 percent from the previous year. The United States yield is estimated at 52.6 bushels per acre, up 9 bushels from the previous year and represents a new record high. The levels of production and changes from 2015 by type are winter wheat, 1.67 billion bushels, up 22 percent; other spring wheat, 534 million bushels, down 11 percent; and Durum wheat, 104 million bushels, up 24 percent. Oat production is estimated at 64.8 million bushels, down 28 percent from 2015. Yield is estimated at 66.0 bushels per acre, down 4.2 bushels from the previous year. Harvested area, at 981,000 acres, is 23 percent below last year. Barley production is estimated at 199 million bushels, down 9 percent from the revised 2015 total of 218 million bushels. Average yield per acre, at 77.9 bushels, is up 8.8 bushels from the previous year and is the highest yield on record since estimates began in 1866. Producers seeded 3.05 million acres in 2016, down 16 percent from last year. Harvested area, at 2.56 million acres, is down 19 percent from 2015. This report was approved on September 30, 2016. Secretary of Agriculture Designate Robert Johansson Agricultural Statistics Board Chairperson Joseph L. Parsons Contents Oat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016................. 6 Barley Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016.............. 8 All Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016........... 10 Winter Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016........ 12 Other Spring Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016.. 14 Durum Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016......... 15 Wheat Production by Class - United States: 2014-2016........................................................ 15 Winter Wheat Production Distribution by Class - States: 2015 and 2016....................................... 16 Other Spring Wheat (excluding Durum) Production Distribution by Class - States: 2015 and 2016............... 17 Winter Wheat Heads per Square Foot - Selected States: 2012-2016............................................. 18 Rye Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016................. 19 Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2015-2016............................................................................ 20 Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2015-2016............................................................................ 20 Crop Comments............................................................................................... 21 Statistical Methodology..................................................................................... 23 Information Contacts........................................................................................ 24 This page intentionally left blank. Oat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Alabama .......: 50 55 50 15 20 20 Arkansas ......: 12 11 11 8 8 8 California ....: 120 120 110 10 10 11 Colorado ......: 45 45 55 9 10 10 Georgia .......: 60 65 45 20 25 15 Idaho .........: 70 75 55 15 15 15 Illinois ......: 35 40 45 25 25 20 Indiana 2/ ....: 20 15 (NA) 10 5 (NA) Iowa ..........: 145 125 120 55 57 43 Kansas ........: 85 95 120 15 40 30 : Maine .........: 32 30 25 31 29 24 Michigan ......: 55 75 65 40 50 30 Minnesota .....: 230 280 210 125 160 120 Missouri ......: 25 30 45 13 14 19 Montana .......: 45 50 60 16 22 28 Nebraska ......: 110 135 135 30 40 25 New York ......: 55 70 90 40 40 60 North Carolina : 33 35 35 17 16 9 North Dakota ..: 235 275 290 105 140 110 Ohio ..........: 50 70 50 35 40 25 : Oklahoma ......: 60 40 65 10 7 8 Oregon ........: 30 35 30 18 11 10 Pennsylvania ..: 90 95 85 60 65 50 South Carolina : 21 24 17 10 9 7 South Dakota ..: 250 325 295 100 145 110 Texas .........: 450 520 470 45 55 60 Utah 2/ .......: 20 20 (NA) 3 2 (NA) Virginia 2/ ...: 10 12 (NA) 3 4 (NA) Washington ....: 25 18 18 5 5 7 Wisconsin .....: 255 280 210 140 195 100 Wyoming .......: 30 23 22 7 12 7 : United States .: 2,753 3,088 2,828 1,035 1,276 981 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Oat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 (continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels ---------- -------- 1,000 bushels ------- : Alabama .......: 65.0 50.0 55.0 975 1,000 1,100 Arkansas ......: 90.0 60.0 73.0 720 480 584 California ....: 100.0 60.0 65.0 1,000 600 715 Colorado ......: 60.0 80.0 80.0 540 800 800 Georgia .......: 54.0 45.0 58.0 1,080 1,125 870 Idaho .........: 82.0 86.0 83.0 1,230 1,290 1,245 Illinois ......: 80.0 77.0 81.0 2,000 1,925 1,620 Indiana 2/ ....: 74.0 59.0 (NA) 740 295 (NA) Iowa ..........: 64.0 73.0 76.0 3,520 4,161 3,268 Kansas ........: 56.0 65.0 57.0 840 2,600 1,710 : Maine .........: 70.0 80.0 71.0 2,170 2,320 1,704 Michigan ......: 69.0 67.0 58.0 2,760 3,350 1,740 Minnesota .....: 63.0 78.0 68.0 7,875 12,480 8,160 Missouri ......: 65.0 65.0 60.0 845 910 1,140 Montana .......: 69.0 53.0 47.0 1,104 1,166 1,316 Nebraska ......: 80.0 67.0 60.0 2,400 2,680 1,500 New York ......: 63.0 58.0 55.0 2,520 2,320 3,300 North Carolina : 67.0 66.0 60.0 1,139 1,056 540 North Dakota ..: 73.0 74.0 66.0 7,665 10,360 7,260 Ohio ..........: 63.0 63.0 74.0 2,205 2,520 1,850 : Oklahoma ......: 38.0 39.0 43.0 380 273 344 Oregon ........: 85.0 88.0 90.0 1,530 968 900 Pennsylvania ..: 58.0 55.0 67.0 3,480 3,575 3,350 South Carolina : 62.0 58.0 46.0 620 522 322 South Dakota ..: 93.0 87.0 82.0 9,300 12,615 9,020 Texas .........: 38.0 48.0 50.0 1,710 2,640 3,000 Utah 2/ .......: 69.0 85.0 (NA) 207 170 (NA) Virginia 2/ ...: 78.0 76.0 (NA) 234 304 (NA) Washington ....: 70.0 54.0 61.0 350 270 427 Wisconsin .....: 62.0 72.0 66.0 8,680 14,040 6,600 Wyoming .......: 59.0 60.0 55.0 413 720 385 : United States .: 67.9 70.2 66.0 70,232 89,535 64,770 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (NA) Not available. 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. 2/ Estimates discontinued in 2016. Barley Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 acres : Arizona ..........: 36 17 16 32 16 15 California .......: 80 80 80 25 29 55 Colorado .........: 57 65 79 54 63 74 Delaware .........: 41 32 35 31 22 25 Idaho ............: 600 610 600 550 580 580 Kansas 2/ ........: 16 13 (NA) 10 8 (NA) Maine 2/ .........: 13 13 (NA) 12 12 (NA) Maryland .........: 70 50 50 45 35 34 Michigan 2/ ......: 9 11 (NA) 8 6 (NA) Minnesota ........: 75 135 95 60 120 79 : Montana ..........: 920 990 990 770 860 780 New York 2/ ......: 12 11 (NA) 8 9 (NA) North Carolina 2/ : 20 19 (NA) 15 14 (NA) North Dakota .....: 620 1,120 740 535 1,050 640 Oregon ...........: 50 49 45 38 37 32 Pennsylvania .....: 70 55 55 50 40 38 South Dakota 2/ ..: 28 37 (NA) 17 19 (NA) Utah .............: 32 27 29 20 16 19 Virginia .........: 56 46 33 28 16 12 Washington .......: 115 115 110 105 105 93 Wisconsin 2/ .....: 26 28 (NA) 16 15 (NA) Wyoming ..........: 85 100 95 68 86 82 : United States ....: 3,031 3,623 3,052 2,497 3,158 2,558 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Barley Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : ---------- bushels ---------- -------- 1,000 bushels -------- : Arizona ..........: 125.0 120.0 128.0 4,000 1,920 1,920 California .......: 73.0 55.0 75.0 1,825 1,595 4,125 Colorado .........: 124.0 130.0 129.0 6,696 8,190 9,546 Delaware .........: 86.0 80.0 76.0 2,666 1,760 1,900 Idaho ............: 94.0 97.0 107.0 51,700 56,260 62,060 Kansas 2/ ........: 35.0 39.0 (NA) 350 312 (NA) Maine 2/ .........: 68.0 85.0 (NA) 816 1,020 (NA) Maryland .........: 77.0 69.0 72.0 3,465 2,415 2,448 Michigan 2/ ......: 53.0 56.0 (NA) 424 336 (NA) Minnesota ........: 52.0 77.0 66.0 3,120 9,240 5,214 : Montana ..........: 58.0 52.0 60.0 44,660 44,720 46,800 New York 2/ ......: 47.0 45.0 (NA) 376 405 (NA) North Carolina 2/ : 71.0 72.0 (NA) 1,065 1,008 (NA) North Dakota .....: 67.0 64.0 67.0 35,845 67,200 42,880 Oregon ...........: 50.0 52.0 67.0 1,900 1,924 2,144 Pennsylvania .....: 71.0 65.0 75.0 3,550 2,600 2,850 South Dakota 2/ ..: 52.0 37.0 (NA) 884 703 (NA) Utah .............: 83.0 84.0 82.0 1,660 1,344 1,558 Virginia .........: 79.0 75.0 67.0 2,212 1,200 804 Washington .......: 60.0 48.0 77.0 6,300 5,040 7,161 Wisconsin 2/ .....: 47.0 55.0 (NA) 752 825 (NA) Wyoming ..........: 107.0 95.0 96.0 7,276 8,170 7,872 : United States ....: 72.7 69.1 77.9 181,542 218,187 199,282 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (NA) Not available. 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. 2/ Estimates discontinued in 2016. All Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Alabama .......: 255 260 230 225 220 170 Arizona .......: 85 160 111 83 152 103 Arkansas ......: 465 350 195 395 240 115 California ....: 530 520 480 220 235 217 Colorado ......: 2,759 2,458 2,361 2,358 2,197 2,200 Delaware ......: 80 70 70 75 65 65 Florida .......: 15 25 25 10 15 17 Georgia .......: 300 215 180 230 145 110 Idaho .........: 1,271 1,220 1,180 1,196 1,155 1,115 Illinois ......: 740 540 520 670 520 470 : Indiana .......: 390 290 330 335 260 280 Iowa ..........: 26 20 25 15 15 17 Kansas ........: 9,600 9,200 8,500 8,800 8,700 8,200 Kentucky ......: 630 560 510 510 440 400 Louisiana .....: 160 110 25 150 92 20 Maryland ......: 340 355 360 250 270 260 Michigan ......: 550 510 610 470 475 570 Minnesota .....: 1,262 1,532 1,321 1,212 1,473 1,268 Mississippi ...: 230 150 65 215 120 50 Missouri ......: 880 760 690 740 610 570 : Montana .......: 5,985 5,620 5,180 5,650 5,365 5,025 Nebraska ......: 1,550 1,490 1,370 1,450 1,210 1,310 Nevada ........: 21 12 15 10 8 9 New Jersey ....: 33 27 25 25 20 21 New Mexico ....: 380 385 340 105 190 205 New York ......: 120 120 120 95 110 115 North Carolina : 830 650 420 770 570 355 North Dakota ..: 7,960 7,990 7,590 7,490 7,915 7,410 Ohio ..........: 620 520 580 545 480 560 Oklahoma ......: 5,300 5,300 5,000 2,800 3,800 3,500 : Oregon ........: 830 835 810 818 828 797 Pennsylvania ..: 185 195 190 150 175 150 South Carolina : 230 170 60 220 160 50 South Dakota ..: 2,514 2,756 2,270 2,364 2,236 2,157 Tennessee .....: 530 455 400 475 395 335 Texas .........: 6,000 6,100 5,000 2,250 3,550 2,800 Utah ..........: 130 135 129 117 128 120 Virginia ......: 290 260 210 260 210 175 Washington ....: 2,320 2,290 2,240 2,250 2,225 2,200 West Virginia .: 10 9 7 7 4 4 Wisconsin .....: 295 230 270 250 210 250 Wyoming .......: 140 145 140 125 130 125 : United States .: 56,841 54,999 50,154 46,385 47,318 43,890 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued All Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 (continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels --------- --------- 1,000 bushels --------- : Alabama .......: 69.0 68.0 70.0 15,525 14,960 11,900 Arizona .......: 110.1 101.0 97.8 9,136 15,356 10,073 Arkansas ......: 63.0 56.0 54.0 24,885 13,440 6,210 California ....: 83.4 79.1 79.7 18,350 18,595 17,302 Colorado ......: 38.1 37.1 48.2 89,812 81,485 106,000 Delaware ......: 72.0 65.0 67.0 5,400 4,225 4,355 Florida .......: 39.0 43.0 30.0 390 645 510 Georgia .......: 49.0 43.0 46.0 11,270 6,235 5,060 Idaho .........: 78.4 77.4 91.3 93,717 89,370 101,855 Illinois ......: 67.0 65.0 74.0 44,890 33,800 34,780 : Indiana .......: 76.0 68.0 81.0 25,460 17,680 22,680 Iowa ..........: 49.0 52.0 63.0 735 780 1,071 Kansas ........: 28.0 37.0 57.0 246,400 321,900 467,400 Kentucky ......: 71.0 73.0 80.0 36,210 32,120 32,000 Louisiana .....: 62.0 39.0 45.0 9,300 3,588 900 Maryland ......: 70.0 64.0 64.0 17,500 17,280 16,640 Michigan ......: 74.0 81.0 89.0 34,780 38,475 50,730 Minnesota .....: 54.8 59.9 59.0 66,468 88,294 74,828 Mississippi ...: 58.0 48.0 48.0 12,470 5,760 2,400 Missouri ......: 58.0 53.0 70.0 42,920 32,330 39,900 : Montana .......: 37.1 35.1 42.3 209,470 188,515 212,675 Nebraska ......: 49.0 38.0 54.0 71,050 45,980 70,740 Nevada ........: 105.0 81.3 72.3 1,050 650 651 New Jersey ....: 53.0 50.0 64.0 1,325 1,000 1,344 New Mexico ....: 28.0 25.0 22.0 2,940 4,750 4,510 New York ......: 63.0 63.0 74.0 5,985 6,930 8,510 North Carolina : 58.0 53.0 41.0 44,660 30,210 14,555 North Dakota ..: 46.3 46.7 45.0 347,068 370,023 333,180 Ohio ..........: 74.0 67.0 80.0 40,330 32,160 44,800 Oklahoma ......: 17.0 26.0 39.0 47,600 98,800 136,500 : Oregon ........: 54.3 47.3 50.1 44,444 39,195 39,937 Pennsylvania ..: 65.0 65.0 68.0 9,750 11,375 10,200 South Carolina : 52.0 46.0 43.0 11,440 7,360 2,150 South Dakota ..: 55.5 46.2 51.6 131,260 103,406 111,281 Tennessee .....: 66.0 68.0 73.0 31,350 26,860 24,455 Texas .........: 30.0 30.0 32.0 67,500 106,500 89,600 Utah ..........: 50.3 48.5 59.9 5,882 6,207 7,184 Virginia ......: 68.0 66.0 53.0 17,680 13,860 9,275 Washington ....: 48.2 50.3 71.5 108,460 111,900 157,290 West Virginia .: 64.0 60.0 61.0 448 240 244 Wisconsin .....: 65.0 74.0 79.0 16,250 15,540 19,750 Wyoming .......: 38.0 32.0 34.0 4,750 4,160 4,250 : United States .: 43.7 43.6 52.6 2,026,310 2,061,939 2,309,675 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. Winter Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Alabama .......: 255 260 230 225 220 170 Arizona .......: 8 5 14 7 2 7 Arkansas ......: 465 350 195 395 240 115 California ....: 490 450 425 190 170 170 Colorado ......: 2,750 2,450 2,350 2,350 2,190 2,190 Delaware ......: 80 70 70 75 65 65 Florida .......: 15 25 25 10 15 17 Georgia .......: 300 215 180 230 145 110 Idaho .........: 780 760 760 730 710 710 Illinois ......: 740 540 520 670 520 470 : Indiana .......: 390 290 330 335 260 280 Iowa ..........: 26 20 25 15 15 17 Kansas ........: 9,600 9,200 8,500 8,800 8,700 8,200 Kentucky ......: 630 560 510 510 440 400 Louisiana .....: 160 110 25 150 92 20 Maryland ......: 340 355 360 250 270 260 Michigan ......: 550 510 610 470 475 570 Minnesota .....: 42 52 11 32 43 8 Mississippi ...: 230 150 65 215 120 50 Missouri ......: 880 760 690 740 610 570 : Montana .......: 2,500 2,350 2,250 2,240 2,220 2,150 Nebraska ......: 1,550 1,490 1,370 1,450 1,210 1,310 Nevada ........: 15 8 10 9 6 6 New Jersey ....: 33 27 25 25 20 21 New Mexico ....: 380 385 340 105 190 205 New York ......: 120 120 120 95 110 115 North Carolina : 830 650 420 770 570 355 North Dakota ..: 870 200 130 555 190 120 Ohio ..........: 620 520 580 545 480 560 Oklahoma ......: 5,300 5,300 5,000 2,800 3,800 3,500 : Oregon ........: 750 740 720 740 735 710 Pennsylvania ..: 185 195 190 150 175 150 South Carolina : 230 170 60 220 160 50 South Dakota ..: 1,210 1,420 1,180 1,080 970 1,100 Tennessee .....: 530 455 400 475 395 335 Texas .........: 6,000 6,100 5,000 2,250 3,550 2,800 Utah ..........: 120 125 120 109 119 112 Virginia ......: 290 260 210 260 210 175 Washington ....: 1,700 1,650 1,700 1,640 1,590 1,670 West Virginia .: 10 9 7 7 4 4 Wisconsin .....: 295 230 270 250 210 250 Wyoming .......: 140 145 140 125 130 125 : United States .: 42,409 39,681 36,137 32,299 32,346 30,222 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Winter Wheat Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 (continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels --------- --------- 1,000 bushels --------- : Alabama .......: 69.0 68.0 70.0 15,525 14,960 11,900 Arizona .......: 100.0 103.0 95.0 700 206 665 Arkansas ......: 63.0 56.0 54.0 24,885 13,440 6,210 California ....: 80.0 70.0 78.0 15,200 11,900 13,260 Colorado ......: 38.0 37.0 48.0 89,300 81,030 105,120 Delaware ......: 72.0 65.0 67.0 5,400 4,225 4,355 Florida .......: 39.0 43.0 30.0 390 645 510 Georgia .......: 49.0 43.0 46.0 11,270 6,235 5,060 Idaho .........: 80.0 82.0 94.0 58,400 58,220 66,740 Illinois ......: 67.0 65.0 74.0 44,890 33,800 34,780 : Indiana .......: 76.0 68.0 81.0 25,460 17,680 22,680 Iowa ..........: 49.0 52.0 63.0 735 780 1,071 Kansas ........: 28.0 37.0 57.0 246,400 321,900 467,400 Kentucky ......: 71.0 73.0 80.0 36,210 32,120 32,000 Louisiana .....: 62.0 39.0 45.0 9,300 3,588 900 Maryland ......: 70.0 64.0 64.0 17,500 17,280 16,640 Michigan ......: 74.0 81.0 89.0 34,780 38,475 50,730 Minnesota .....: 49.0 58.0 61.0 1,568 2,494 488 Mississippi ...: 58.0 48.0 48.0 12,470 5,760 2,400 Missouri ......: 58.0 53.0 70.0 42,920 32,330 39,900 : Montana .......: 41.0 41.0 49.0 91,840 91,020 105,350 Nebraska ......: 49.0 38.0 54.0 71,050 45,980 70,740 Nevada ........: 110.0 90.0 75.0 990 540 450 New Jersey ....: 53.0 50.0 64.0 1,325 1,000 1,344 New Mexico ....: 28.0 25.0 22.0 2,940 4,750 4,510 New York ......: 63.0 63.0 74.0 5,985 6,930 8,510 North Carolina : 58.0 53.0 41.0 44,660 30,210 14,555 North Dakota ..: 49.0 44.0 48.0 27,195 8,360 5,760 Ohio ..........: 74.0 67.0 80.0 40,330 32,160 44,800 Oklahoma ......: 17.0 26.0 39.0 47,600 98,800 136,500 : Oregon ........: 55.0 47.0 50.0 40,700 34,545 35,500 Pennsylvania ..: 65.0 65.0 68.0 9,750 11,375 10,200 South Carolina : 52.0 46.0 43.0 11,440 7,360 2,150 South Dakota ..: 55.0 44.0 58.0 59,400 42,680 63,800 Tennessee .....: 66.0 68.0 73.0 31,350 26,860 24,455 Texas .........: 30.0 30.0 32.0 67,500 106,500 89,600 Utah ..........: 50.0 48.0 60.0 5,450 5,712 6,720 Virginia ......: 68.0 66.0 53.0 17,680 13,860 9,275 Washington ....: 52.0 56.0 78.0 85,280 89,040 130,260 West Virginia .: 64.0 60.0 61.0 448 240 244 Wisconsin .....: 65.0 74.0 79.0 16,250 15,540 19,750 Wyoming .......: 38.0 32.0 34.0 4,750 4,160 4,250 : United States .: 42.6 42.5 55.3 1,377,216 1,374,690 1,671,532 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. Other Spring Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Colorado .....: 9 8 11 8 7 10 Idaho ........: 480 450 410 455 435 395 Minnesota ....: 1,220 1,480 1,310 1,180 1,430 1,260 Montana ......: 3,050 2,650 2,150 2,980 2,540 2,110 Nevada .......: 6 4 5 1 2 3 North Dakota .: 6,250 6,700 6,000 6,140 6,650 5,850 Oregon .......: 80 95 90 78 93 87 South Dakota .: 1,300 1,330 1,080 1,280 1,260 1,050 Utah .........: 10 10 9 8 9 8 Washington ...: 620 640 540 610 635 530 : United States : 13,025 13,367 11,605 12,740 13,061 11,303 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels --------- -------- 1,000 bushels -------- : Colorado .....: 64.0 65.0 88.0 512 455 880 Idaho ........: 76.0 70.0 87.0 34,580 30,450 34,365 Minnesota ....: 55.0 60.0 59.0 64,900 85,800 74,340 Montana ......: 35.0 31.0 36.0 104,300 78,740 75,960 Nevada .......: 60.0 55.0 67.0 60 110 201 North Dakota .: 47.5 48.0 46.0 291,650 319,200 269,100 Oregon .......: 48.0 50.0 51.0 3,744 4,650 4,437 South Dakota .: 56.0 48.0 45.0 71,680 60,480 47,250 Utah .........: 54.0 55.0 58.0 432 495 464 Washington ...: 38.0 36.0 51.0 23,180 22,860 27,030 : United States : 46.7 46.2 47.2 595,038 603,240 534,027 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Durum Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Arizona ......: 77 155 97 76 150 96 California ...: 40 70 55 30 65 47 Idaho ........: 11 10 10 11 10 10 Montana ......: 435 620 780 430 605 765 North Dakota .: 840 1,090 1,460 795 1,075 1,440 South Dakota .: 4 6 10 4 6 7 : United States : 1,407 1,951 2,412 1,346 1,911 2,365 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels --------- -------- 1,000 bushels -------- : Arizona ......: 111.0 101.0 98.0 8,436 15,150 9,408 California ...: 105.0 103.0 86.0 3,150 6,695 4,042 Idaho ........: 67.0 70.0 75.0 737 700 750 Montana ......: 31.0 31.0 41.0 13,330 18,755 31,365 North Dakota .: 35.5 39.5 40.5 28,223 42,463 58,320 South Dakota .: 45.0 41.0 33.0 180 246 231 : United States : 40.2 44.0 44.0 54,056 84,009 104,116 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wheat Production by Class - United States: 2014-2016 [Wheat class estimates are based on the latest available data including both surveys and administrative data] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Crop : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 bushels : Winter : Hard red ......: 738,650 830,446 1,081,690 Soft red ......: 454,531 359,054 345,230 Hard white ....: 11,546 16,109 25,476 Soft white ....: 172,489 169,081 219,136 : Spring : Hard red ......: 555,543 567,637 493,125 Hard white ....: 8,943 5,649 7,539 Soft white ....: 30,552 29,954 33,363 Durum .........: 54,056 84,009 104,116 : Total ...... : 2,026,310 2,061,939 2,309,675 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wheat Class Percentage Estimates The following percentages are the basis for the United States wheat production by class estimates each year. These estimates are based on the latest varietal or class survey data available. These end-of-season percentages will be used during the 2017 forecast season. However, if an unusual situation significantly distorts a State's normal distribution, then updated percentages will be used to forecast the production by class. Winter Wheat Production Distribution by Class - States: 2015 and 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : Hard red : Soft red : Hard white : Soft white :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2015 : 2016 : 2015 : 2016 : 2015 : 2016 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent : Alabama .......: - 1 100 99 - - - - Arizona .......: 99 98 - - 1 2 - - Arkansas ......: - - 100 100 - - - - California ....: 89 89 - - 7 6 4 5 Colorado ......: 95 93 - - 5 7 - - Delaware ......: - - 100 100 - - - - Florida .......: 15 2 83 95 2 1 - 2 Georgia .......: - - 100 100 - - - - Idaho .........: 25 22 - - - - 75 78 Illinois ......: - - 100 100 - - - - : Indiana .......: - - 100 100 - - - - Iowa ..........: 56 65 42 34 1 - 1 1 Kansas ........: 97 97 - - 3 3 - - Kentucky ......: - - 100 100 - - - - Louisiana .....: - - 99 100 - - 1 - Maryland ......: - - 100 100 - - - - Michigan ......: - - 65 60 - - 35 40 Minnesota .....: 99 100 - - 1 - - - Mississippi ...: 2 4 98 96 - - - - Missouri ......: 2 1 98 99 - - - - : Montana .......: 100 100 - - - - - - Nebraska ......: 97 96 - - 3 4 - - Nevada ........: 71 36 - - - - 29 64 New Jersey ....: - - 100 100 - - - - New Mexico ....: 99 99 - - - 1 1 - New York ......: 3 3 92 92 - 1 5 4 North Carolina : - - 100 100 - - - - North Dakota ..: 100 100 - - - - - - Ohio ..........: - - 100 100 - - - - Oklahoma ......: 99 99 1 1 - - - - : Oregon ........: 5 7 - - - - 95 93 Pennsylvania ..: 1 - 98 99 - - 1 1 South Carolina : - - 100 99 - - - 1 South Dakota ..: 100 100 - - - - - - Tennessee .....: - - 100 100 - - - - Texas .........: 93 97 7 3 - - - - Utah ..........: 75 75 - - 1 1 24 24 Virginia ......: - - 100 100 - - - - Washington ....: 14 15 - - - - 86 85 West Virginia .: 4 3 95 96 - - 1 1 Wisconsin .....: 4 4 96 96 - - - - Wyoming .......: 98 94 - - 2 6 - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. Other Spring Wheat (excluding Durum) Production Distribution by Class - States: 2015 and 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hard red : Hard white : Soft white State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2015 : 2016 : 2015 : 2016 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent : Colorado ......: 50 69 40 17 10 14 Idaho .........: 44 42 17 21 39 37 Minnesota .....: 100 100 - - - - Montana .......: 100 100 - - - - Nevada ........: - - - 36 100 64 North Dakota ..: 100 100 - - - - Oregon ........: 38 40 1 1 61 59 South Dakota ..: 100 100 - - - - Utah ..........: 51 43 3 12 46 45 Washington ....: 34 35 1 - 65 65 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. Winter Wheat Head Population The National Agricultural Statistics Service conducted objective yield surveys in 10 winter wheat estimating States during 2016. Randomly selected plots in winter wheat fields were visited monthly from May through harvest to obtain specific counts and measurements. Data in this table are actual field counts from this survey. Winter Wheat Heads per Square Foot - Selected States: 2012-2016 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : 2012 : 2013 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : number : Colorado : July ................: 41.0 32.1 42.4 51.1 43.0 August ..............: 41.0 31.9 43.2 49.3 43.6 Final ...............: 41.0 31.9 43.4 49.3 43.6 : Illinois : July ................: 56.5 60.9 63.5 56.7 57.4 August ..............: 56.5 61.2 63.7 56.9 57.3 Final ...............: 56.5 61.2 63.7 56.9 57.3 : Kansas : July ................: 46.5 50.4 36.4 43.1 54.7 August ..............: 46.7 50.4 36.4 43.1 54.7 Final ...............: 46.7 50.4 36.4 43.1 54.7 : Missouri : July ................: 49.9 54.6 51.2 52.5 53.7 August ..............: 49.9 55.8 50.9 52.5 53.7 Final ...............: 49.9 55.8 50.9 52.5 53.7 : Montana : July ................: 44.1 43.7 43.4 48.9 54.6 August ..............: 44.7 45.1 44.2 47.7 55.2 Final ...............: 45.0 45.1 44.2 47.7 55.2 : Nebraska : July ................: 50.7 38.5 48.2 47.9 60.2 August ..............: 50.7 38.8 48.2 47.6 60.3 Final ...............: 50.7 38.8 48.2 47.6 60.3 : Ohio : July ................: 58.3 53.0 58.8 51.0 58.0 August ..............: 58.3 54.0 58.4 51.2 58.0 Final ...............: 58.3 54.0 58.4 51.2 58.0 : Oklahoma : July ................: 47.7 51.7 34.9 39.6 41.8 August ..............: 47.7 51.7 34.9 39.4 41.8 Final ...............: 47.7 51.7 34.9 39.4 41.8 : Texas : July ................: 34.3 33.3 32.8 34.3 34.4 August ..............: 34.3 33.3 32.8 34.3 34.4 Final ...............: 34.3 33.0 33.1 34.2 34.5 : Washington : July ................: 37.3 38.0 32.3 31.3 36.1 August ..............: 36.6 38.6 32.1 31.3 35.3 Final ...............: 36.9 38.6 32.3 31.3 35.5 : 10 State : July ................: 44.8 46.4 39.5 42.8 48.3 August ..............: 44.9 46.6 39.6 42.4 48.4 Final ...............: 44.9 46.6 39.5 42.4 48.4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rye Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2014-2016 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Georgia ........: 170 210 200 20 30 30 Oklahoma .......: 240 250 260 55 85 75 : Other States 2/ : 1,024 1,124 1,431 183 250 309 : United States ..: 1,434 1,584 1,891 258 365 414 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------- : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --------- bushels -------- ------- 1,000 bushels ------ : Georgia ........: 27.0 14.0 21.0 540 420 630 Oklahoma .......: 9.0 24.0 25.0 495 2,040 1,875 : Other States 2/ : 33.6 36.6 35.4 6,154 9,156 10,946 : United States ..: 27.9 31.8 32.5 7,189 11,616 13,451 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. 2/ For 2015, Other States include: Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin. For 2016, Other States include: Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2015-2016 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :--------------------------------------------------------------- : 2015 : 2016 : 2015 : 2016 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Barley .........: 3,623 3,052 3,158 2,558 Oats ...........: 3,088 2,828 1,276 981 Rye ............: 1,584 1,891 365 414 Wheat, all .....: 54,999 50,154 47,318 43,890 Winter ........: 39,681 36,137 32,346 30,222 Durum .........: 1,951 2,412 1,911 2,365 Other spring ..: 13,367 11,605 13,061 11,303 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield per acre : Production Crop :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2015 : 2016 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ----- bushels ----- ----- 1,000 bushels ---- : Barley ........: 69.1 77.9 218,187 199,282 Oats ..........: 70.2 66.0 89,535 64,770 Rye ...........: 31.8 32.5 11,616 13,451 Wheat, all ....: 43.6 52.6 2,061,939 2,309,675 Winter .......: 42.5 55.3 1,374,690 1,671,532 Durum ........: 44.0 44.0 84,009 104,116 Other spring .: 46.2 47.2 603,240 534,027 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2015-2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2015 : 2016 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : hectares : Barley ........: 1,466,190 1,235,110 1,278,010 1,035,200 Oats ..........: 1,249,680 1,144,460 516,380 397,000 Rye ...........: 641,030 765,270 147,710 167,540 Wheat, all ....: 22,257,550 20,296,820 19,149,120 17,761,840 Winter .......: 16,058,500 14,624,280 13,090,100 12,230,540 Durum ........: 789,550 976,110 773,360 957,090 Other spring .: 5,409,490 4,696,430 5,285,660 4,574,210 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield per hectare : Production Crop :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2015 : 2016 : 2015 : 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : metric tons : Barley ........: 3.72 4.19 4,750,460 4,338,850 Oats ..........: 2.52 2.37 1,299,600 940,130 Rye ...........: 2.00 2.04 295,060 341,670 Wheat, all ....: 2.93 3.54 56,116,780 62,859,050 Winter .......: 2.86 3.72 37,412,930 45,491,650 Durum ........: 2.96 2.96 2,286,350 2,833,570 Other spring .: 3.11 3.18 16,417,500 14,533,830 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Crop Comments Oats: Production in 2016 is estimated at 64.8 million bushels, down 28 percent from 2015. Yield is estimated at 66.0 bushels per acre, down 4.2 bushels from the previous year. Harvested area, at 981,000 acres, is 23 percent below the previous year. Record low acres were harvested in Georgia, Iowa, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Wisconsin. The largest decreases in production from 2015 occurred in the upper Midwest where yields in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin were down from record or near record yields of the previous year. Despite dry conditions in many parts of New York, increased acreage led to a production increase of nearly 1 million bushels in the State. A record high yield is estimated in Colorado. Nationally, oat producers had seeded 29 percent of this year's crop by April 3, six percentage points behind the 5-year average. At the beginning of April, oat planting progress was at or behind the 5-year average in all estimating States except Pennsylvania. By May 1, oat producers had sown 78 percent of the Nation's crop, 13 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average, and 56 percent of the oat crop had emerged, 9 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and South Dakota reported emergence progress more than 20 percentage points ahead of their respective 5-year averages by the beginning of May. By the end of May, 30 percent of the oat crop was at or beyond the heading stage, slightly ahead of last year but 2 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Heading of this year's oat crop advanced to 92 percent complete by July 3, three percentage points ahead of last year and 12 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. By the beginning of July, oat heading progress was 46 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average in North Dakota and 23 percentage points ahead in Minnesota. Oat producers had harvested 53 percent of this year's crop by July 31, fifteen percentage points ahead of last year and 11 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Harvest progress was at or ahead of the 5-year average by the end of July in all estimating States except Nebraska and Pennsylvania. Ninety-five percent of the Nation's oat crop was harvested by August 28, slightly ahead of last year and 6 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Beginning in 2016, oat estimates were discontinued in Indiana, Utah, and Virginia. Barley: Production is estimated at 199 million bushels, down 9 percent from the revised 2015 total of 218 million bushels. Average yield per acre, at 77.9 bushels, is up 8.8 bushels from the previous year and is the highest yield on record since estimates began in 1866. Producers seeded 3.05 million acres in 2016, down 16 percent from last year. Harvested area, at 2.56 million acres, is down 19 percent from 2015. Six percent of the Nation's barley was planted by April 3, slightly behind the 5-year average. Planting progress was well behind the historical pace in Idaho at this time with 6 percent planted, 15 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Nationwide, barley producers had seeded 57 percent of the Nation's crop by May 1, thirteen percentage points behind last year but 10 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. By the beginning of May, emergence was evident in 29 percent of the Nation's barley acreage, 4 percentage points behind last year but 11 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Nationwide, 97 percent of the barley crop was sown by May 29, three percentage points behind last year but 9 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Eighty-eight percent of the barley crop had emerged by May 29, four percentage points behind last year but 19 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Heading of the Nation's barley crop advanced to 72 percent complete by July 3, six percentage points behind last year but 24 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Dry weather aided crop maturation in North Dakota at end of June, with barley heading advancing to 90 percent complete, 53 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Overall, three-quarters of the barley was reported in good to excellent condition on July 3, compared with 73 percent at the same time last year. By July 31, barley producers had harvested 11 percent of the Nation's crop, 3 percentage points behind last year but 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Overall, 71 percent of the barley was reported in good to excellent condition on August 14, compared with 65 percent at the same time last year. By September 11, barley producers had harvested 95 percent of this year's crop, 3 percentage points behind last year but 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Beginning in 2016, barley estimates were discontinued in Kansas, Maine, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Winter wheat: Winter wheat production for 2016 totaled 1.67 billion bushels, up 22 percent from the revised 2015 total of 1.37 billion bushels. The United States yield, at 55.3 bushels per acre, is up 12.8 bushels from 2015 and represents a new record high. Area harvested for grain is estimated at 30.2 million acres, down 7 percent from the previous year. Record high yields are estimated in Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin for 2016. Harvested acreage was down from 2015 in most of the major Hard Red Winter (HRW) growing States, the primary wheat producing area. However, HRW production totaled 1.08 billion bushels, up 30 percent from 2015 due to the higher yields in 2016 compared with 2015. In the Soft Red Winter (SRW) growing area, planted and harvested acreage decreases from 2015 were experienced throughout most of the region. SRW production totaled 345 million bushels, down 4 percent from 2015. White winter production totaled 245 million bushels, up 32 from the previous year. Harvested acreage in the Pacific Northwest (Idaho, Oregon, and Washington) was up 2 percent from 2015. Yields were up from last year in Idaho and Washington. Other spring wheat: Production for 2016 is estimated at 534 million bushels, down 11 percent from the revised 2015 total of 603 million bushels. Harvested area totaled 11.3 million acres, down 13 percent from 2015. The United States yield is estimated at 47.2 bushels per acre, 1 bushel higher than the 2015 average yield and represents a new record high. Of the total production, 493 million bushels are Hard Red Spring wheat, down 13 percent from 2015. A record high yield is estimated in Idaho for 2016. By May 8, producers had sown 77 percent of the spring wheat crop, 7 percentage points behind the previous year but 26 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Favorable field conditions aided planting progress which remained ahead of the 5-year average pace throughout the spring. Nationally, producers had sown 95 percent of the spring wheat crop by May 22, equal to the previous year but 18 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Seventy-four percent of the spring wheat was at or beyond the heading stage by July 3, six percentage points ahead of the previous year and 29 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Spring wheat development ran well ahead of normal in the Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Plains in 2016. Nationally, 91 percent of the spring wheat crop was harvested by September 4, one percentage point behind the previous year but 16 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Durum wheat: Production for 2016 is estimated at 104 million bushels, up 24 percent from the revised 2015 total of 84.0 million bushels. Grain area harvested totaled 2.37 million acres, up 24 percent from the previous year. The United States yield is estimated at a record high of 44.0 bushels per acre, equal to the 2015 average yield. Production in North Dakota, the largest Durum-producing State, is up 37 percent from 2015. Durum wheat production in Montana for 2016 represents a record high for the State. Record high yields are estimated in both Montana and North Dakota for 2016. Favorable conditions throughout the growing season advanced crop development ahead of normal in Montana and North Dakota, the two largest Durum-producing States. As a result, harvest progress in these two States as of September 4, was well ahead of the 5-year average pace. Rye: Production for 2016 is estimated at 13.5 million bushels, up 16 percent from the revised 2015 total of 11.6 million bushels. Harvested area totaled 1.89 million acres, up 307,000 acres from 2015. The United States yield, at 32.5 bushels per acre, is up 0.7 bushel from the previous year. Estimates began in 2016 for Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, and Virginia. Statistical Methodology Survey procedures: Objective yield and farm operator surveys were conducted to gather information on small grain acreage, yield, and production. The objective yield survey was conducted in 10 States that accounted for over 73 percent of the 2016 winter wheat production. Early in the growing season, farm operators were interviewed to seek permission to randomly locate two sample plots in selected winter wheat fields. Throughout the growing season, counts such as number of stalks, heads in late boot, and number of emerged heads were collected from these plots. The plots were revisited each month until crop maturity when the heads were clipped, threshed, and weighed. After the farm operator harvested the sample field, enumerators revisited the sample to collect data in order to measure harvesting loss. Data from operators was collected by mail, internet, telephone, or personal interview to obtain information on crop acreage, yield and production for the 2016 crop year. Approximately 66,400 producers were interviewed during the first two weeks of September and asked questions pertaining to planted and harvested area as well as yield and production. Estimating Procedures: National and State level objective yield and grower reported data were reviewed for reasonableness and consistency with historical estimates. The survey data were also reviewed considering weather patterns and crop progress compared with previous years. Each Regional Field Office submits an estimate and written analysis for their State to the Agricultural Statistics Board (ASB). The ASB uses the survey data, administrative data, and the State analysis to prepare the estimates published in this report. Revision Policy: Estimates contained in this report may be revised in the Crop Production Annual Summary report published in January should new information become available. Previous year acreage, yield, and production estimates can be revised in the Small Grain Summary published the following year, if new information is available that would justify a change. Estimates will also be reviewed after data for the 5-year Census of Agriculture are available. No revisions will be made after that date. Reliability: The surveys used to make the acreage, yield, and production estimates contained in this report are subject to sampling and non-sampling type errors that are common to all surveys. Reliability of the objective yield and farmer survey must be treated separately because the survey designs for the two surveys are different. The objective yield indications are subject to sampling variability because all acres of winter wheat are not included in the sample. The farm operator survey indications are also subject to sampling variability because all operations with small grains are not included in the sample. This variability, as measured by the relative standard error at the National level, is approximately 1.7 percent for winter wheat, 5.5 percent for Durum wheat, and 3.0 percent for other spring wheat. This means that chances are approximately 95 out of 100 that survey estimates for production will be within plus or minus 3.4 percent for winter wheat, 11.0 percent for Durum wheat, and 6.0 percent for other spring wheat of the value that could be developed by averaging the estimates produced from all possible samples selected from the same population and surveyed using the same procedures. The relative standard errors for barley, oats, and rye are 3.6, 5.6, and 4.4 percent, respectively. Survey indications are also subject to non-sampling errors such as omission, duplication, imputation for missing data, and mistakes in reporting, recording, and processing the data. These errors cannot be measured directly, but they are minimized through rigid quality controls in the data collection process and a careful review of all reported data for consistency and reasonableness. Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity statisticians in the Crops Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@nass.usda.gov Lance Honig, Chief, Crops Branch........................ (202) 720-2127 Anthony Prillaman, Head, Field Crops Section............ (202) 720-2127 Bianca Pruneda - Cotton, Cotton Ginnings, Sorghum.. (202) 720-5944 Tony Dahlman - Oats, Soybeans...................... (202) 690-3234 Chris Hawthorn - Corn, Flaxseed, Proso Millet...... (202) 720-9526 James Johanson - County Estimates, Hay............. (202) 690-8533 Scott Matthews - Crop Weather, Barley.............. (202) 720-7621 Jean Porter - Rye, Wheat........................... (202) 720-8068 Bianca Pruneda - Peanuts, Rice..................... (202) 720-5944 Travis Thorson - Sunflower, Other Oilseeds......... 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