Milk Production ISSN: 1949-1557 Released January 25, 2023, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). December Milk Production up 0.9 Percent Milk production in the 24 major States during December totaled 18.1 billion pounds, up 0.9 percent from December 2021. November revised production, at 17.4 billion pounds, was up 1.1 percent from November 2021. The November revision represented a decrease of 49 million pounds or 0.3 percent from last month's preliminary production estimate. Production per cow in the 24 major States averaged 2,032 pounds for December, 8 pounds above December 2021. The number of milk cows on farms in the 24 major States was 8.92 million head, 38,000 head more than December 2021, but 9,000 head less than November 2022. October-December Milk Production up 1.0 Percent Milk production in the United States during the October - December quarter totaled 56.0 billion pounds, up 1.0 percent from the October - December quarter last year. The average number of milk cows in the United States during the quarter was 9.41 million head, 4,000 head less than the July - September quarter, but 27,000 head more than the same period last year. Milk Cows and Production by Quarter - United States: 2021-2022 [May not add due to rounding] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :--------------------------------------------------------------------- Quarter : : : : : : : Change : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : from : : : : : : : 2021 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head ---- pounds ---- million pounds percent : January-March ...: 9,466 9,384 6,005 6,000 56,847 56,305 -1.0 April-June ......: 9,503 9,413 6,119 6,145 58,147 57,845 -0.5 July-September ..: 9,442 9,412 5,914 6,002 55,836 56,492 1.2 October-December : 9,381 9,408 5,909 5,950 55,428 55,978 1.0 : Annual ..........: 9,448 9,404 23,948 24,098 226,258 226,620 0.2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production by Month - 24 Selected States: 2021-2022 [May not add due to rounding] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change Month : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : from : : : : : : : 2021 :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : January .......: 8,938 8,874 2,067 2,051 18,477 18,198 -1.5 February ......: 8,954 8,887 1,884 1,885 16,871 16,755 -0.7 March .........: 8,970 8,909 2,106 2,114 18,888 18,835 -0.3 April .........: 8,987 8,910 2,055 2,053 18,467 18,296 -0.9 May ...........: 8,996 8,922 2,106 2,116 18,949 18,878 -0.4 June ..........: 8,991 8,916 2,011 2,028 18,078 18,083 (Z) July ..........: 8,983 8,920 2,034 2,060 18,272 18,379 0.6 August ........: 8,939 8,930 2,004 2,042 17,910 18,231 1.8 September .....: 8,909 8,933 1,935 1,959 17,239 17,497 1.5 October .......: 8,892 8,935 2,003 2,019 17,812 18,037 1.3 November ......: 8,888 8,927 1,939 1,952 17,232 17,428 1.1 December ......: 8,880 8,918 2,024 2,032 17,971 18,125 0.9 : Annual ........: 8,944 8,915 24,169 24,312 216,166 216,742 0.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (Z) Less than half of the unit shown. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Estimated Milk Cows and Production by Month - United States: 2021-2022 [May not add due to rounding] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change Month : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : from : : : : : : : 2021 :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : January .......: 9,450 9,367 2,049 2,034 19,365 19,050 -1.6 February ......: 9,466 9,380 1,868 1,870 17,685 17,540 -0.8 March .........: 9,482 9,404 2,088 2,096 19,797 19,715 -0.4 April .........: 9,500 9,405 2,037 2,037 19,350 19,155 -1.0 May ...........: 9,507 9,419 2,088 2,098 19,855 19,763 -0.5 June ..........: 9,501 9,415 1,994 2,010 18,942 18,927 -0.1 July ..........: 9,483 9,412 2,014 2,039 19,097 19,190 0.5 August ........: 9,438 9,410 1,984 2,023 18,721 19,034 1.7 September .....: 9,405 9,415 1,916 1,940 18,018 18,268 1.4 October .......: 9,387 9,416 1,984 2,001 18,623 18,840 1.2 November ......: 9,382 9,408 1,920 1,935 18,015 18,204 1.0 December ......: 9,373 9,400 2,005 2,014 18,790 18,934 0.8 : Annual ........: 9,448 9,404 23,948 24,098 226,258 226,620 0.2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - 24 Selected States: December 2021 and 2022 [May not add due to rounding] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ State :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : from : : : : : : : 2021 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : Arizona .........: 194 195 2,090 2,090 405 408 0.7 California ......: 1,719 1,724 2,030 2,030 3,490 3,500 0.3 Colorado ........: 202 203 2,195 2,190 443 445 0.5 Florida .........: 105 92 1,725 1,720 181 158 -12.7 Georgia .........: 83 92 1,900 1,900 158 175 10.8 Idaho ...........: 652 661 2,065 2,070 1,346 1,368 1.6 Illinois ........: 81 79 1,820 1,820 147 144 -2.0 Indiana .........: 186 187 1,980 2,000 368 374 1.6 Iowa ............: 225 239 2,080 2,075 468 496 6.0 Kansas ..........: 168 175 2,030 2,025 341 354 3.8 : Michigan ........: 434 432 2,270 2,305 985 996 1.1 Minnesota .......: 460 455 1,925 1,940 886 883 -0.3 New Mexico ......: 292 279 2,060 2,055 602 573 -4.8 New York ........: 620 630 2,075 2,100 1,287 1,323 2.8 Ohio ............: 248 250 1,860 1,865 461 466 1.1 Oregon ..........: 125 123 1,715 1,730 214 213 -0.5 Pennsylvania ....: 470 465 1,775 1,795 834 835 0.1 South Dakota ....: 170 186 1,925 1,915 327 356 8.9 Texas ...........: 625 650 2,150 2,135 1,344 1,388 3.3 Utah ............: 94 92 1,935 1,935 182 178 -2.2 : Vermont .........: 120 118 1,785 1,815 214 214 - Virginia ........: 71 67 1,735 1,710 123 115 -6.5 Washington ......: 261 254 1,990 1,975 519 502 -3.3 Wisconsin .......: 1,275 1,270 2,075 2,095 2,646 2,661 0.6 : 24-State Total ..: 8,880 8,918 2,024 2,032 17,971 18,125 0.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - 24 Selected States: November 2021 and 2022 [May not add due to rounding] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Milk cows 1/ : Milk per cow 2/ : Milk production 2/ :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : : Change : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : from : : : : : : : 2021 :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :1,000 head 1,000 head pounds pounds million pounds million pounds percent : Arizona .......: 194 195 1,960 1,965 380 383 0.8 California ....: 1,719 1,724 1,950 1,930 3,352 3,327 -0.7 Colorado ......: 201 203 2,110 2,105 424 427 0.7 Florida .......: 105 92 1,590 1,575 167 145 -13.2 Georgia .......: 82 92 1,770 1,760 145 162 11.7 Idaho .........: 651 661 2,010 2,000 1,309 1,322 1.0 Illinois ......: 81 79 1,730 1,710 140 135 -3.6 Indiana .......: 186 186 1,890 1,920 352 357 1.4 Iowa ..........: 225 239 1,990 2,000 448 478 6.7 Kansas ........: 168 175 1,940 1,955 326 342 4.9 : Michigan ......: 434 431 2,170 2,220 942 957 1.6 Minnesota .....: 461 454 1,835 1,870 846 849 0.4 New Mexico ....: 295 282 1,960 1,960 578 553 -4.3 New York ......: 625 628 1,980 2,035 1,238 1,278 3.2 Ohio ..........: 250 250 1,770 1,790 443 448 1.1 Oregon ........: 125 123 1,680 1,675 210 206 -1.9 Pennsylvania ..: 470 467 1,705 1,715 801 801 - South Dakota ..: 167 185 1,880 1,865 314 345 9.9 Texas .........: 625 655 2,030 2,060 1,269 1,349 6.3 Utah ..........: 94 92 1,875 1,865 176 172 -2.3 : Vermont .......: 120 118 1,700 1,755 204 207 1.5 Virginia ......: 71 69 1,645 1,635 117 113 -3.4 Washington ....: 262 256 1,920 1,920 503 492 -2.2 Wisconsin .....: 1,277 1,271 1,995 2,030 2,548 2,580 1.3 : 24-State Total : 8,888 8,927 1,939 1,952 17,232 17,428 1.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. Milk Cows and Production - States and United States: Revised July - September 2021 and 2022 [May not add due to rounding] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : July - September milk cows 1/ : July - September milk production 2/ :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ State : : : : : Change : : : : : from : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head million pounds million pounds percent : Alabama ........: 2.5 2.5 8.0 7.0 -12.5 Alaska .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Arizona ........: 196.0 198.0 1,082.0 1,096.0 1.3 Arkansas .......: 4.5 3.5 13.0 9.0 -30.8 California .....: 1,719.0 1,723.0 10,099.0 10,261.0 1.6 Colorado .......: 201.0 206.0 1,321.0 1,352.0 2.3 Connecticut ....: 19.0 18.5 105.0 106.0 1.0 Delaware .......: 3.0 2.6 12.1 11.0 -9.1 Florida ........: 106.0 95.0 493.0 434.0 -12.0 Georgia ........: 82.0 93.0 425.0 486.0 14.4 : Hawaii .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Idaho ..........: 652.0 658.0 4,193.0 4,300.0 2.6 Illinois .......: 82.0 80.0 423.0 413.0 -2.4 Indiana ........: 193.0 186.0 1,119.0 1,082.0 -3.3 Iowa ...........: 226.0 237.0 1,382.0 1,460.0 5.6 Kansas .........: 171.0 174.0 1,008.0 1,038.0 3.0 Kentucky .......: 45.0 45.0 212.0 220.0 3.8 Louisiana ......: 9.0 8.0 25.0 22.0 -12.0 Maine ..........: 26.0 26.0 141.0 139.0 -1.4 Maryland .......: 42.0 40.0 209.0 203.0 -2.9 : Massachusetts ..: 9.5 9.5 48.0 47.0 -2.1 Michigan .......: 442.0 427.0 3,005.0 2,947.0 -1.9 Minnesota ......: 461.0 453.0 2,655.0 2,656.0 - Mississippi ....: 7.0 6.0 22.0 19.0 -13.6 Missouri .......: 70.0 65.0 237.0 222.0 -6.3 Montana ........: 11.0 10.0 61.0 56.0 -8.2 Nebraska .......: 58.0 57.0 351.0 349.0 -0.6 Nevada .........: 33.0 32.0 203.0 203.0 - New Hampshire ..: 10.5 10.0 56.0 54.0 -3.6 New Jersey .....: 4.2 4.3 21.0 21.0 - : New Mexico .....: 311.0 286.0 1,829.0 1,740.0 -4.9 New York .......: 629.0 624.0 3,895.0 3,949.0 1.4 North Carolina .: 39.0 39.0 217.0 215.0 -0.9 North Dakota ...: 15.0 14.0 85.0 81.0 -4.7 Ohio ...........: 257.0 250.0 1,410.0 1,375.0 -2.5 Oklahoma .......: 38.0 38.0 157.0 162.0 3.2 Oregon .........: 125.0 125.0 658.0 660.0 0.3 Pennsylvania ...: 474.0 468.0 2,483.0 2,478.0 -0.2 Rhode Island ...: 0.5 0.5 2.5 2.5 - South Carolina .: 9.0 9.0 35.0 35.0 - : South Dakota ...: 160.0 184.0 939.0 1,084.0 15.4 Tennessee ......: 28.0 27.0 119.0 120.0 0.8 Texas ..........: 625.0 653.0 3,816.0 4,112.0 7.8 Utah ...........: 95.0 94.0 562.0 554.0 -1.4 Vermont ........: 120.0 117.0 640.0 636.0 -0.6 Virginia .......: 72.0 69.0 351.0 344.0 -2.0 Washington .....: 267.0 257.0 1,613.0 1,569.0 -2.7 West Virginia ..: 5.0 5.0 18.0 18.0 - Wisconsin ......: 1,278.0 1,272.0 8,020.0 8,081.0 0.8 Wyoming ........: 8.5 9.5 56.4 62.2 10.3 : Other States 3/ : 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.3 - : United States ..: 9,442.0 9,412.0 55,836.0 56,492.0 1.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. (NA) Not available. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. 3/ Other States includes Alaska and Hawaii. Milk Cows and Production - States and United States: Preliminary October - December 2021 and 2022 [May not add due to rounding] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : October - December milk cows 1/ : October - December milk production 2/ :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ State : : : : : Change : : : : : from : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 : 2022 : 2021 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 head 1,000 head million pounds million pounds percent : Alabama ........: 3.0 2.0 8.0 6.0 -25.0 Alaska .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Arizona ........: 194.0 195.0 1,165.0 1,173.0 0.7 Arkansas .......: 4.5 3.5 13.0 10.0 -23.1 California .....: 1,719.0 1,724.0 10,289.0 10,239.0 -0.5 Colorado .......: 201.0 204.0 1,303.0 1,317.0 1.1 Connecticut ....: 18.5 18.5 104.0 105.0 1.0 Delaware .......: 2.8 2.6 11.4 11.2 -1.8 Florida ........: 105.0 93.0 511.0 449.0 -12.1 Georgia ........: 82.0 92.0 449.0 504.0 12.2 : Hawaii .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (NA) Idaho ..........: 651.0 661.0 4,014.0 4,093.0 2.0 Illinois .......: 81.0 79.0 428.0 416.0 -2.8 Indiana ........: 186.0 186.0 1,089.0 1,099.0 0.9 Iowa ...........: 225.0 239.0 1,377.0 1,468.0 6.6 Kansas .........: 168.0 175.0 1,003.0 1,049.0 4.6 Kentucky .......: 45.0 45.0 214.0 222.0 3.7 Louisiana ......: 9.0 8.0 28.0 25.0 -10.7 Maine ..........: 26.0 25.0 136.0 134.0 -1.5 Maryland .......: 41.0 40.0 206.0 204.0 -1.0 : Massachusetts ..: 9.5 9.0 47.0 45.0 -4.3 Michigan .......: 434.0 430.0 2,908.0 2,937.0 1.0 Minnesota ......: 461.0 454.0 2,613.0 2,611.0 -0.1 Mississippi ....: 7.0 6.0 23.0 19.0 -17.4 Missouri .......: 69.0 65.0 230.0 218.0 -5.2 Montana ........: 11.0 10.0 59.0 53.0 -10.2 Nebraska .......: 58.0 57.0 351.0 356.0 1.4 Nevada .........: 32.0 32.0 193.0 192.0 -0.5 New Hampshire ..: 10.5 10.0 54.0 52.0 -3.7 New Jersey .....: 4.2 4.1 21.0 20.0 -4.8 : New Mexico .....: 295.0 282.0 1,782.0 1,703.0 -4.4 New York .......: 624.0 628.0 3,812.0 3,921.0 2.9 North Carolina .: 39.0 39.0 222.0 220.0 -0.9 North Dakota ...: 15.0 14.0 82.0 77.0 -6.1 Ohio ...........: 250.0 250.0 1,361.0 1,372.0 0.8 Oklahoma .......: 39.0 39.0 176.0 179.0 1.7 Oregon .........: 125.0 124.0 644.0 638.0 -0.9 Pennsylvania ...: 470.0 467.0 2,453.0 2,462.0 0.4 Rhode Island ...: 0.5 0.5 2.4 2.4 - South Carolina .: 9.0 9.0 38.0 39.0 2.6 : South Dakota ...: 166.0 186.0 961.0 1,063.0 10.6 Tennessee ......: 27.0 26.0 118.0 118.0 - Texas ..........: 625.0 653.0 3,929.0 4,145.0 5.5 Utah ...........: 94.0 93.0 539.0 531.0 -1.5 Vermont ........: 120.0 118.0 629.0 633.0 0.6 Virginia .......: 71.0 68.0 359.0 343.0 -4.5 Washington .....: 262.0 256.0 1,551.0 1,514.0 -2.4 West Virginia ..: 5.0 5.0 19.0 18.0 -5.3 Wisconsin ......: 1,277.0 1,271.0 7,846.0 7,910.0 0.8 Wyoming ........: 9.0 9.0 56.2 61.0 8.5 : Other States 3/ : 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.1 -8.3 : United States ..: 9,381.0 9,408.0 55,428.0 55,978.0 1.0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. (NA) Not available. 1/ Includes dry cows. Excludes heifers not yet fresh. 2/ Excludes milk sucked by calves. 3/ Other States includes Alaska and Hawaii. Statistical Methodology Survey Procedures: Primary data used to determine these estimates were obtained from a sample of producers. Individual States maintain a list of all known milk producers and information on the size of their herd. States use all known sources of producers to ensure that their lists are as complete as possible. Generally, all large producers and a sample of small producers are included in the survey. Questionnaires are mailed to producers near the end of the month to obtain data for the first day of the month. Additional reports are obtained by telephone, as needed, to supplement the mail response. Where feasible, States utilize state and federal administrative data to estimate milk production. This eliminates duplication of data gathering by different government agencies. Indications of milk cow inventory are also obtained in the January Cattle Surveys. Estimation Procedures: Regional Field Offices prepare these estimates by using a combination of survey indications, historic trends, and any available administrative data. Individual State estimates are reviewed by the Agricultural Statistics Board for reasonableness. Revision Policy: Milk production, milk per cow, and number of milk cows are subject to revision the following month after initial publication for monthly States or the following quarter for the quarterly States. Normally, administrative data from Federal Market Orders, State Departments of Agriculture, or other sources are the main basis for revisions. However, administrative data for all States may not be available in time for these revisions. Estimates are again subject to revisions in February each year based on additional administrative data. In the event that additional changes are necessary, a third revision is possible in February the following year. Estimates are again reviewed after data from the five-year Census of Agriculture are available. No revisions are made after that date. Reliability: Since all operations with dairy animals are not included in the sample, survey estimates are subject to sampling variability. Survey results are also subject to non-sampling errors such as omissions, duplications, and mistakes in reporting, recording, and processing the data. The effects of these errors cannot be measured directly. They are minimized through rigid quality controls in the data collection process and through a careful review of all reported data for consistency and reasonableness. To assist users in evaluating the reliability of the estimates in this report, the "Root Mean Square Error" is shown for selected items on the next page. The "Root Mean Square Error" is a statistical measure based on past performance and is computed using the differences between first and final estimates. The "Root Mean Square Error" for milk production estimates over the past 20 quarters is 0.1 percent. This means that chances are 2 out of 3 that the final estimate will not be above or below the current estimate of 56.0 billion pounds by more than 0.1 percent. Chances are 9 out of 10 that the difference will not exceed 0.3 percent. Reliability of Quarterly Milk Production Estimates [Based on data for the past 20 quarters] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Root mean : 90 percent : Difference between first and latest estimate : square error : confidence : : : : : : : level :------------------------------------------------------------- Item : : : : : : Quarters : : : : : :------------------------------- : : : Average :Smallest : Largest : Below latest : Above latest -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent percent -------- 1,000 -------- ----- number ----- : : Milk production ..............: 0.1 0.3 61 7 215 13 7 : All milk cows ................: 0.1 0.2 9 1 26 14 6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity specialists in the Livestock Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@usda.gov. Travis Averill, Chief, Livestock Branch ....................................................... (202) 692-0069 Scott Hollis, Head, Livestock Section ......................................................... (202) 690-2424 Sherry Bertramsen - Livestock Slaughter .................................................... (202) 690-8632 Ryan Cowen - Cattle, Cattle on Feed ........................................................ (202) 720-3040 Anthony Fischer - Hogs and Pigs ............................................................ (202) 720-3106 Mike Miller - Milk Production and Milk Cows ................................................ (202) 720-3278 Suzanne Richards - Dairy Products (202) 720-4448 Suzanne Richards - Sheep and Goats .. 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