Sp Sy 8 (8-99) Farm Labor National Agricultural Statistics Service USDA Washington, D.C. Released August 20, 1999, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Farm Labor" call Steve Logan at 202-690-3228, office hours 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. ET. Hired Workers Up 1 Percent, Wage Rates Up 5 Percent From a Year Ago There were 1.46 million hired workers on the Nation's farms and ranches the week of July 11-17, 1999, up 1 percent from a year ago. There were 1.14 million workers hired directly by farm operators. Agricultural service employees on farms and ranches made up the remaining 319,000 workers. Migrant workers accounted for 12.5 percent of the July hired workforce compared to 13.7 percent last year. Farm operators paid their hired workers an average wage rate of $7.58 per hour during the July 1999 survey week, up 33 cents from a year earlier. Field Workers received an average of $7.05 per hour, up 27 cents from last July. Livestock Workers earned $7.15 per hour compared with $6.91 a year earlier. The Field and Livestock Workers combined wage rate was up 27 cents from last year. Number of hours worked averaged 39.8 hours for hired workers during the survey week compared with 40.7 hours a year ago. The largest increases in number of hired farm workers over last year occurred in the Pacific (Oregon and Washington), Corn Belt I (Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio), and Lake (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) regions. In the Pacific region, winter wheat harvest was starting. Early potato and onion harvest were in progress. Mint harvest was underway while sweet cherry and strawberry harvests neared completion. Apricot and vegetable harvesting continued. Raspberry harvest was peaking. Wheat, alfalfa, and oat harvesting; corn detasseling; hauling grain; baling hay and straw; applying post-emergence chemicals; and mowing pastures contributed to most of the worker increases in the Corn Belt I region. In the Lake region, blueberry harvest was in full swing while cherry picking was winding down. Wheat and oat harvest was active and most livestock operations were busy with second cuttings of hay. The largest declines in number of hired farm workers from a year ago were in the Mountain III (Arizona and New Mexico), Southeast (Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina), and Appalachian I (North Carolina and Virginia) regions. In Mountain III, rain delayed field activity for most of the survey reference week, thus contributing to fewer hired workers needed. Summer onion harvest was specifically slowed by wet weather. Field crop cultivation and spraying activity continued in the Southeast region where weather allowed. Hired farm worker wage rates in all regions were above a year ago. The largest increases occurred in the Southeast, Lake, and Northern Plains (North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas) regions. An increasingly competitive economic environment, coupled with a need to attract more skilled farm labor, continued to push hired farm wage rates higher in the above regions and nationwide. Revisions: The April 1999 hired workers estimates were revised for the U.S. and California. These revisions were based on additional information received in California as part of the ongoing Federal-State cooperative program. Farm Labor: Employment and Wage Rates, United States, July 11-17, 1999, with Comparisons 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : July 12-18, : April 11-17, : July 11-17, Farm Employment : 1998 : 1999 : 1999 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 : Hired Workers : 1,071 *867 1,143 150 Days or More : 712 *670 748 149 Days or Less : 359 *197 395 : Agricultural Services : 379 *160 319 : Hired Farm & Service Workers : 1,450 *1027 1,462 : : : Percent : Migrant Workers Percent of : Hired Farm & Service Workers: 13.7 8.7 12.5 : : : Hours per Week : Hours Worked : Hired : 40.7 *39.5 39.8 : : : Dollars per Hour : Wage Rates for : All Hired Workers 2/ 3/ : *7.25 *7.83 7.58 : Type of Worker : Field & Livestock Combined : 6.80 *7.27 7.07 Field : 6.78 7.23 7.05 Livestock : 6.91 *7.39 7.15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Excludes AK. 2/ Benefits, such as housing and meals, are provided some workers but the values are not included in the wage rates. 3/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. Hired Workers: Number and Hours Worked by Region and United States, July 11-17, 1999 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired :--------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. : : Expected to be Employed : and : Number :-------------------------------: Number Region 2/ : of : 150 Days : 149 Days : of Hours : Workers : or More : or Less : Worked -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --------------- 1,000 -------------- Hours per Week : Northeast I : 48 31 17 36.9 Northeast II : 49 31 18 40.8 : Appalachian I : 61 39 22 32.3 Appalachian II : 40 21 19 33.9 : Southeast : 40 24 16 37.7 FL : 45 40 5 39.5 : Lake : 88 46 42 36.7 : Cornbelt I : 68 34 34 34.4 Cornbelt II : 30 21 9 34.4 : Delta : 45 33 12 36.5 : Northern Plains : 54 40 14 44.2 : Southern Plains : 60 39 21 40.3 : Mountain I : 31 21 10 44.6 Mountain II : 31 23 8 42.5 Mountain III : 19 15 4 47.2 : Pacific : 116 54 62 37.5 CA : 310 229 81 44.6 : HI : 8 7 1 37.4 : US 3/ : 1,143 748 395 39.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Excludes AK. Hired Workers: Wage Rates for Type of Workers and All Hired Workers by Region and United States, July 11-17, 1999 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of Worker : U.S. :--------------------------------------------: Wage Rates for and : : :Field & Lvstk :All Hired Workers Region 2/ : Field : Livestock : Combined : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : Northeast I : 7.87 6.69 7.47 7.86 Northeast II : 7.17 6.45 6.98 7.34 : Appalachian I : 6.53 7.62 6.75 7.08 Appalachian II : 6.25 6.57 6.37 6.89 : Southeast : 6.44 6.59 6.47 6.83 FL : 7.25 7.30 7.26 8.31 : Lake : 7.35 7.15 7.29 7.73 : Cornbelt I : 7.54 7.39 7.52 8.03 Cornbelt II : 7.22 8.07 7.58 7.90 : Delta : 6.55 6.89 6.62 6.99 : Northern Plains : 7.32 7.63 7.37 7.73 : Southern Plains : 6.23 6.40 6.26 6.60 : Mountain I : 6.17 6.97 6.43 6.61 Mountain II : 6.47 7.09 6.73 7.26 Mountain III : 6.52 6.68 6.56 7.17 : Pacific : 7.22 8.02 7.29 7.81 CA : 7.15 7.59 7.19 7.77 : HI 4/ : 9.51 9.53 10.88 : US 3/ : 7.05 7.15 7.07 7.58 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Excludes AK. 4/ Insufficient data. Hired Workers: Number and Hours Worked by Region and United States, April 11-17, 1999 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired :--------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. : : Expected to be Employed : and : Number :-------------------------------: Number Region 2/ : of : 150 Days : 149 Days : of Hours : Workers : or More : or Less : Worked -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -------------- 1,000 -------------- Hours per Week : Northeast I : 40 30 10 38.0 Northeast II : 37 30 7 42.6 : Appalachian I : 30 21 9 37.4 Appalachian II : 29 18 11 32.0 : Southeast : *33 *21 12 *41.5 FL : 54 46 8 *41.1 : Lake : 55 39 16 37.8 : Cornbelt I : 42 30 12 33.2 Cornbelt II : 24 19 5 37.0 : Delta : 32 26 6 40.9 : Northern Plains : 29 24 5 39.5 : Southern Plains : 51 37 14 36.1 : Mountain I : 22 15 7 50.0 Mountain II : 18 15 3 41.3 Mountain III : 20 17 3 44.1 : Pacific : 58 36 22 39.1 CA : *286 *240 *46 *40.5 : HI : 7 6 1 37.3 : US 3/ : *867 *670 *197 *39.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Excludes AK. Hired Workers: Wage Rates for Type of Worker and All Hired Workers By Region and United States, April 11-17, 1999 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of Worker : U.S. :--------------------------------------------: Wage Rates for and : : :Field & Lvstk :All Hired Workers Region 2/ : Field : Livestock : Combined : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : Northeast I : 8.18 7.34 7.92 8.34 Northeast II : 7.73 6.05 7.20 7.73 : Appalachian I : 7.17 7.02 7.14 7.50 Appalachian II : 6.17 6.63 6.39 6.72 : Southeast : 6.61 *7.59 *6.85 *7.12 FL : 7.40 6.90 7.37 8.18 : Lake : 7.95 7.03 7.54 8.09 : Cornbelt I : 7.71 7.47 7.66 8.35 Cornbelt II : 7.02 8.54 8.07 8.27 : Delta : 6.41 7.28 6.59 6.81 : Northern Plains : 7.82 7.00 7.41 7.66 : Southern Plains : 6.41 6.66 6.51 7.18 : Mountain I : 6.54 6.53 6.54 6.71 Mountain II : *7.51 7.67 *7.61 *8.06 Mountain III : 6.77 7.58 6.96 7.65 : Pacific : 7.25 9.98 7.49 8.02 CA : *7.20 *8.29 *7.31 *8.00 : HI 4/ : 9.45 9.38 *10.81 : US 3/ : *7.23 *7.39 *7.27 *7.83 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Excludes AK. 4/ Insufficient data for livestock. Hired Workers: Number and Hours Worked by Region and United States, July 12-18, 1998 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired :--------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. : : Expected to be Employed : and : Number :-------------------------------: Number Region 2/ : of : 150 Days : 149 Days : of Hours : Workers : or More 3/ : or Less 3/ : Worked -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --------------- 1,000 -------------- Hours per Week : Northeast I : 48 34 14 39.8 Northeast II : 47 30 17 40.7 : Appalachian I : 66 33 33 34.8 Appalachian II : 38 18 20 26.7 : Southeast : 45 30 15 39.5 FL : 45 40 5 41.5 : Lake : 72 40 32 37.3 : Cornbelt I : 50 28 22 32.1 Cornbelt II : 28 21 7 28.7 : Delta : 40 28 12 40.9 : Northern Plains : 45 25 20 42.3 : Southern Plains : 63 45 18 44.4 : Mountain I : 31 20 11 44.7 Mountain II : 30 20 10 41.4 Mountain III : 22 16 6 47.7 : Pacific : 95 43 52 43.9 CA : 298 234 64 44.5 : HI : 8 7 1 36.6 : US 3/ : 1,071 712 359 40.7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Excludes AK. Hired Workers: Wage Rates for Type of Worker and All Hired Workers By Region and United States, July 12-18, 1998 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of Worker : U.S. :--------------------------------------------: Wage Rates for and : : :Field & Lvstk :All Hired Workers Region 2/ : Field : Livestock : Combined : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : Northeast I : 7.27 6.80 7.12 7.59 Northeast II : 6.95 6.20 6.75 7.22 : Appalachian I : 6.24 7.12 6.34 6.70 Appalachian II : 6.07 6.54 6.24 6.59 : Southeast : 6.02 5.82 5.99 6.22 FL : 7.25 6.90 7.21 8.08 : Lake : 6.95 6.41 6.77 7.01 : Cornbelt I : 7.45 7.52 7.47 7.84 Cornbelt II : 6.61 7.62 7.02 7.52 : Delta : 6.20 6.83 6.36 6.75 : Northern Plains : 6.73 6.51 6.69 7.08 : Southern Plains : 5.98 5.98 5.98 6.32 : Mountain I : 6.05 6.47 6.13 *6.30 Mountain II : 6.13 7.08 6.39 6.95 Mountain III : 6.11 6.74 6.22 6.65 : Pacific : 6.77 8.70 6.91 7.27 CA : 7.10 8.05 7.19 7.72 : HI 4/ : 8.82 8.91 10.30 : US 3/ : 6.78 6.91 6.80 *7.25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Excludes AK. 4/ Insufficient data for livestock. Field and Livestock Workers Combined: Wage Rates, by Type of Farm, by Region and 48 States 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : July 12-18, 1998 : July 11-17, 1999 :--------------------------------------------------------------- Region 2/ : Field : Other :L'stk &: All : Field : Other :L'stk &: All : Crops : Crops :Poultry: Farms : Crops : Crops :Poultry: Farms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : Northeast : 6.90 7.19 6.16 6.82 6.46 7.67 6.55 7.20 Appalachian : 5.85 6.26 7.54 6.54 5.94 7.14 7.03 6.59 Southeast : 5.85 6.51 6.54 6.54 6.06 6.99 7.03 6.88 Lake : 6.85 7.09 6.50 6.77 (3) 6.72 7.47 7.29 Cornbelt : 7.39 7.78 7.04 7.33 7.83 7.51 7.17 7.54 Delta : 5.73 (3) 6.44 6.36 6.53 7.21 6.64 6.62 Northern Plains : 7.03 8.15 (3) 6.69 7.10 7.61 7.48 7.37 Southern Plains : (3) 5.71 6.05 5.98 5.88 6.43 6.47 6.26 Mountain : 5.73 6.41 6.58 6.43 6.67 6.49 6.59 6.57 Pacific : 7.88 7.59 8.82 7.66 (3) 7.15 (3) 7.21 48 States : 6.46 6.89 6.82 6.80 6.83 7.14 7.08 7.07 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All Hired Workers: Wage Rates, by Economic Class of Farm by Region and 48 States 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : July 12-18, 1998 : July 11-17, 1999 Region :----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2/ : Gross Value Sales-$1000's : : Gross Value Sales-$1000's : :----------------------------: All :----------------------------: All : <40 :40-99 :100-249 :250+ :Farms : <40 :40-99 :100-249 : 250+ :Farms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : N. East : 6.50 (3) 6.65 7.76 7.40 7.51 6.35 7.31 7.80 7.58 Appal. : (3) 6.25 6.17 6.72 6.67 6.49 6.53 6.53 7.38 7.00 S. East : 6.68 7.17 6.52 7.33 7.17 6.77 6.91 6.93 7.91 7.63 Lake : 5.38 6.63 6.48 7.51 7.01 (3) 6.20 7.00 8.86 7.73 Cornbelt: 7.48 6.79 6.63 8.10 7.73 6.70 7.62 7.45 8.45 7.99 Delta : 5.76 5.79 6.54 7.06 6.75 6.42 6.65 6.58 7.27 6.99 N. Plain: 5.76 6.73 7.15 7.39 7.08 (3) 6.43 7.48 7.96 7.73 S. Plain: (3) 5.93 5.91 6.46 6.32 6.41 6.51 6.47 6.80 6.60 Mountain: 5.75 6.32 6.57 6.76 6.60 6.72 (3) 6.51 7.23 6.99 Pacific : 7.20 6.77 7.63 7.66 7.61 6.96 7.57 7.45 7.92 7.78 48 State: 6.74 6.62 6.72 7.44 *7.25 6.32 6.75 7.14 7.88 7.58 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Regions consist of the following States. Northeast: CT, DE, MD, ME, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT. Appalachian: KY, NC, TN, VA, WV. Southeast: AL, FL, GA, SC. Lake: MI, MN, WI. Cornbelt: IA, IL, IN, MO, OH. Delta: AR, LA, MS. Northern Plains: KS, NE, ND, SD. Southern Plains: OK, TX. Mountain: AZ, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, UT, WY. Pacific: CA, OR, WA. 48 States: All States, excluding AK and HI. 3/ Insufficient data. Field and Livestock Workers: Distribution by Type of Farm, 48 States 1/ 2/ 3/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Type of : July 12-18, : April 11-17, : July 11-17, Farm : 1998 : 1999 : 1999 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Field and Livestock Workers : Field Crops : 17 12 17 Other Crops : 55 *63 55 Livestock, Dairy, : & Poultry : 28 *25 28 : 100.0 100.0 100.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hired Workers: Distribution by Economic Class of Farm, 48 States 1/ 3/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gross Value : July 12-18, : April 11-17, : July 11-17, of Sales : 1998 : 1999 : 1999 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Hired Workers : Less than $40,000 : 9 7 13 $40,000-$99,999 : 10 7 8 $100,000-$249,999 : 16 14 17 $250,000 and over : 65 72 62 : 100.0 100.0 100.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hired Workers: Distribution by Category, United States, 1/ 3/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : July 12-18, : April 11-17, : July 11-17, : 1998 : 1999 : 1999 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Hired Workers Employed on Farms Hiring : 1 Worker : 9 11 9 2 Workers : 9 *8 11 3-6 Workers : 21 *17 18 7-10 Workers : 10 9 9 At least 11 Workers : 51 55 53 : 100.0 100.0 100.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ 48 States, excluding AK and HI. 2/ Field and Livestock Workers combined. 3/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. Agricultural Services Crew leaders and custom crews provided 319,000 workers for the Nation's farms and ranches during the week of July 11-17, 1999. Service workers in California numbered 120,000 this July compared with 110,000 last year. Florida's number of service workers was 3,000, compared to 5,000 last year. The average wage received by agricultural service workers in California and Florida were $7.51 and $8.85 per hour, respectively. Comparable wages in July 1998 were $7.19 in California and $8.60 in Florida. Agricultural Service Workers: Number, Hours Worked, and Wage Rates, for California, Florida, and United States 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Number of Workers : Hours : Wage : Working on Farms : Worked 2/ : Rates 2/ 3/ State:------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Jul : Apr : Jul : Jul : Apr : Jul : Jul : Apr : Jul : 1998 : 1999 : 1999 : 1998 : 1999 : 1999 : 1998 : 1999 : 1999 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -------- 1,000 ------- ------- Hours ------ Dollars per Hour : CA : 110.0 71.0 120.0 38.3 *34.0 36.4 7.19 *7.13 7.51 FL : 5.0 9.0 3.0 32.0 38.0 45.0 8.60 8.30 8.85 : US : 379.0 *160.0 319.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Data are for Agricultural Services performed on the farm by custom service units such as crew leaders or custom crews. These statistics are not included in the State-Regional tables. 2/ United States data not available. 3/ Benefits, such as housing and meals, are provided some workers but the values are not included in the wage rates. Migrant Workers: Percent of all Hired Workers, United States, By Quarter (Includes Agricultural Service Workers), 1996-99 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year : Jan : Apr : Jul : Oct -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent : 1996 2/ : 5.7 7.5 13.1 11.1 1997 : 9.5 6.3 10.8 11.2 1998 : 7.3 6.6 13.7 11.0 1999 : 6.0 8.7 12.5 0.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Definition "Migrant Worker" is a farm worker whose employment required travel that prevented the farm worker from returning to his/her permanent place of residence the same day. 2/ Data first collected during July 1995 survey. Farm Labor Regions Region States Northeast I CT, ME, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT. Northeast II DE, MD, NJ, PA. Appalachian I NC, VA. Appalachian II KY, TN, WV. Southeast AL, GA, SC. Lake MI, MN, WI. Cornbelt I IL, IN, OH. Cornbelt II IA, MO. Delta AR, LA, MS. Northern Plains KS, NE, ND, SD. Southern Plains OK, TX. Mountain I ID, MT, WY. Mountain II CO, NV, UT. Mountain III AZ, NM. Pacific OR, WA. Reliability of Farm Labor Estimates Survey Procedures: These data were collected by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) during the last two weeks of July using sampling procedures to ensure every employer of agricultural workers had a chance of being selected. Two samples of farm operators are selected. First, NASS maintains a list of farms that hire farm workers. Farms on this list are classified by size and type. Those expected to employ large numbers of workers are selected with greater frequency than those hiring few or no workers. A second sample consists of segments of land scientifically selected from an area sampling frame. Each June, highly trained interviewers locate each selected land segment and identify every farm operating land within the sample segment's boundaries. The names of farms found in these area segments are matched against the NASS list of farms; those not found on the list are included in the labor survey sample to represent all farms. This methodology is known as multiple frame sampling, with an area sample used to measure the incompleteness of the list. Additionally, a list of agricultural service firms was sampled in California and Florida. The survey reference week was July 11-17, 1999. Reliability: Two types of errors, sampling and nonsampling, are possible in an estimate based on a sample survey. Both types affect the "precision" of the estimates. Sampling error occurs because a complete census is not taken. The sampling error measures the variation in estimates from the average of all possible samples. An estimate of 100 with a sampling error of 1 would mean that chances are 19 out of 20 that the estimates from all possible samples averaged together would be between 98 and 102; which is the survey estimate, plus or minus two times the sampling error. The sampling error expressed as a percent of the estimate is called the relative sampling error. The relative sampling error for number of hired workers at the U.S. level was 3.7 percent. The relative sampling error for the number of hired workers generally ranged between 9 and 24 percent at the regional level. The U.S. all hired farm worker wage rate had a relative sampling error of 1.2 percent. The relative sampling error was 0.9 percent for the combined field and livestock worker wage rate. Relative sampling errors for the all hired farm worker wage rate generally ranged between 2 and 9 percent at the regional levels. Relative sampling errors for wage rates published by type of farm and economic class of farm ranged between 2 and 18 percent at the regional level. Nonsampling errors can occur in a complete census as well as in sample surveys. They are caused by the inability to obtain correct information from each operation sampled, differences in interpreting questions or definitions, and mistakes in editing, coding, or processing the data. Special efforts are taken at each step of the survey to minimize nonsampling errors. Revision Policy: Farm labor information is subject to revision the next time the information is published or the year after the original publication date. The basis for revision must be supported by additional data that directly affect the level of the estimate. Worker numbers and wage rates for July 1998 and April 1999 were subject to revision with this report. Revisions were made and previous data are reprinted in this report for your information. The November 19th report will have information for the survey week of October 10-16, 1999. The report will include the number of All Hired Workers, Average Hours Worked by Hired Workers and the All Hired Worker Wage Rates at the regional and U.S. levels. The wage rate for field, livestock, and combined field and livestock workers will also be available at the regional and U.S. level. The number of Agricultural Service Workers and the corresponding wage rates will be published for California and Florida. The report will also contain annual averages for Self employed, Unpaid, and All Hired workers at the U.S. and regional levels and for selected states. All Hired Hours Worked will also be published for the U.S., regions, and selected states. Annual average wage rates will be published for the U.S., regions, and by State for Field, Field and Livestock combined, and All Hired workers. Index Page U.S. Hired Workers on Farms, Wage Rates and Hours Worked . . . . .3 Number of Workers and Average Hours Worked by Region and U.S. July 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 April 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 July 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Wage Rates by Region and U.S. July 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 April 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 July 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Agricultural Services: Workers, Average Hours Worked, and Wages July 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 April 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 July 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Other Labor Estimates U.S. Distribution of Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Wage Rates by Type of Farm, by Region, State, 48 States. . . . . 10 Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm, by Region, State, 48 States10 Migrant Workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Farm Labor Region Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Reliability of Farm Labor Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Revision Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The next "Farm Labor" report will be released at 3 p.m. ET on November 19, 1999. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C., 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. ACCESS TO REPORTS!! For your convenience, there are several ways to obtain NASS reports, data products, and services: INTERNET ACCESS All NASS reports are available free of charge on the worldwide Internet. 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