Farm Labor ISSN: 1949-0909 Released May 24, 2023, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). April Hired Workers Up 3 Percent; Wage Rate Increased 5 Percent from Previous Year There were 651,000 workers hired directly by farm operators on the Nation's farms and ranches during the week of April 9-15, 2023, up 3 percent from the April 2022 reference week. Workers hired directly by farm operators numbered 511,000 during the week of January 8-14, 2023, up 1 percent from the January 2022 reference week. Farm operators paid their hired workers an average wage of $18.08 per hour during the April 2023 reference week, up 5 percent from the April 2022 reference week. Field workers received an average of $17.26 per hour, up 5 percent. Livestock workers earned $16.48 per hour, up 4 percent. The field and livestock worker combined wage rate, at $16.99 per hour, was up 4 percent from the 2022 reference week. Hired laborers worked an average of 40.6 hours during the April 2023 reference week, up 2 percent from the hours worked during the April 2022 reference week. Farm operators paid their hired workers an average wage of $18.55 per hour during the January 2023 reference week, up 5 percent from the January 2022 reference week. Field workers received an average of $17.67 per hour, up 7 percent, while livestock workers earned $16.71 per hour, up 4 percent from a year earlier. The field and livestock worker combined wage rate, at $17.26 per hour, was up 5 percent from the January 2022 reference week. Hired laborers worked an average of 38.9 hours during the January 2023 reference week, down 1 percent from the hours worked during the January 2022 reference week. Contents Hired Workers, Gross Hours Worked by Hired Workers, and Gross Wage Rates - United States................. 3 Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: April 9-15, 2023................... 4 Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: April 9-15, 2023......................... 5 Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: January 8-14, 2023................. 6 Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: January 8-14, 2023....................... 7 Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: October 9-15, 2022................. 8 Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: October 9-15, 2022....................... 9 Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: July 10-16, 2022................... 10 Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: July 10-16, 2022......................... 11 Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: April 10-16, 2022.................. 12 Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: April 10-16, 2022........................ 13 Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: January 9-15, 2022................. 14 Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: January 9-15, 2022....................... 15 Combined Field and Livestock Worker Gross Wage Rates by Type of Farm - Regions and 48 States: April 9-15, 2023......................................................................................... 16 Combined Field and Livestock Worker Gross Wage Rates by Type of Farm - Regions and 48 States: January 8-14, 2023....................................................................................... 16 Combined Field and Livestock Worker Gross Wage Rates by Type of Farm - Regions and 48 States: April 10-16, 2022........................................................................................ 17 Combined Field and Livestock Worker Gross Wage Rates by Type of Farm - Regions and 48 States: January 9-15, 2022....................................................................................... 17 All Hired Worker Gross Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm - Regions and 48 States: April 9-15, 2023.... 18 All Hired Worker Gross Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm - Regions and 48 States: January 8-14, 2023.. 18 All Hired Worker Gross Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm - Regions and 48 States: April 10-16, 2022... 19 All Hired Worker Gross Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm - Regions and 48 States: January 9-15, 2022.. 19 Field and Livestock Workers by Type of Farm.............................................................. 20 Hired Workers by Economic Class of Farm.................................................................. 20 Hired Workers by Number of Workers on Farm............................................................... 20 Hired Workers by Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System....................................... 21 Gross Wage Rates by Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System.................................... 21 Farm Labor Regions....................................................................................... 22 Farm Labor Definitions................................................................................... 23 Survey Methodology....................................................................................... 25 Information Contacts..................................................................................... 27 Hired Workers, Gross Hours Worked by Hired Workers, and Gross Wage Rates - United States [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : January 9-15, : April 10-16, : July 10-16, : October 9-15, : January 8-14, : April 9-15, Farm employment : 2022 : 2022 : 2022 : 2022 : 2023 : 2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 : Hired workers : 150 days or more ................: 420 518 591 593 452 551 149 days or less ................: 87 112 206 192 59 100 Total ..............................: 507 630 797 785 511 651 : : : hours per week : Gross hours worked by hired workers ..: 39.3 39.7 41.1 41.8 38.9 40.6 : : dollars per hour : Gross wage rates1/ : Field and livestock combined .......: 16.37 16.27 16.76 16.90 17.26 16.99 Field workers ...................: 16.54 16.50 16.80 17.04 17.67 17.26 Livestock workers ...............: 16.12 15.82 16.65 16.52 16.71 16.48 All hired workers ..................: 17.63 17.22 17.63 17.72 18.55 18.08 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Benefits, such as housing and meals, are provided to some workers but the values are not included in the gross wage rates. Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: April 9-15, 2023 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired workers :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Expected to be employed : Regions1/ and : Number of :-----------------------------------------: Gross United States : workers : 150 days or more : 149 days or less : hours worked --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------------------- 1,000 ------------------- hours per week : Northeast I .........: 35 27 8 41.9 Northeast II ........: 26 21 5 39.4 : Appalachian I .......: 31 26 5 36.6 Appalachian II ......: 21 17 4 39.0 : Southeast ...........: 32 25 7 42.1 Florida .............: 27 23 4 41.6 : Lake ................: 55 49 6 40.1 : Cornbelt I ..........: 33 25 8 37.8 Cornbelt II .........: 27 23 4 39.7 : Delta ...............: 25 20 5 44.8 : Northern Plains .....: 37 33 4 41.8 : Southern Plains .....: 60 55 5 41.9 : Mountain I ..........: 24 21 3 43.3 Mountain II .........: 17 12 5 41.3 Mountain III ........: 15 14 1 46.8 : Pacific .............: 50 41 9 40.6 California ..........: 131 115 16 39.0 : Hawaii ..............: 5 4 1 35.9 : United States .......: 651 551 100 40.6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: April 9-15, 2023 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of worker : :--------------------------------------------------------------:Gross wage rates for Regions1/ and : : :Field and livestock : all hired workers United States : Field workers : Livestock workers : combined : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : dollars per hour : Northeast I .........: 17.69 15.71 16.94 18.10 Northeast II ........: 17.19 16.35 16.92 18.15 : Appalachian I .......: 16.03 14.10 15.53 16.39 Appalachian II ......: 14.86 15.07 14.96 15.91 : Southeast ...........: 14.49 12.77 14.03 14.69 Florida .............: 14.50 14.30 14.48 15.36 : Lake ................: 19.01 16.97 17.92 18.92 : Cornbelt I ..........: 18.44 15.98 17.71 18.57 Cornbelt II .........: 17.31 17.70 17.51 18.25 : Delta ...............: 14.35 15.07 14.52 14.94 : Northern Plains .....: 19.35 16.84 17.87 18.51 : Southern Plains .....: 15.45 15.69 15.57 16.41 : Mountain I ..........: 16.47 17.05 16.78 17.67 Mountain II .........: 16.80 16.02 16.42 17.50 Mountain III ........: 15.23 16.55 15.81 16.74 : Pacific .............: 18.42 18.38 18.42 19.34 California ..........: 19.10 19.75 19.21 20.95 : Hawaii ..............: 18.40 18.60 18.43 20.44 : United States .......: 17.26 16.48 16.99 18.08 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: January 8-14, 2023 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired workers :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Expected to be employed : Regions1/ and : Number of :-----------------------------------------: Gross United States : workers : 150 days or more : 149 days or less : hours worked --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------------------- 1,000 ------------------- hours per week : Northeast I .........: 22 19 3 42.7 Northeast II ........: 19 17 2 36.0 : Appalachian I .......: 22 20 2 35.3 Appalachian II ......: 17 15 2 37.9 : Southeast ...........: 24 20 4 40.1 Florida .............: 25 23 2 41.7 : Lake ................: 41 37 4 39.8 : Cornbelt I ..........: 23 21 2 38.7 Cornbelt II .........: 23 21 2 36.7 : Delta ...............: 16 14 2 39.8 : Northern Plains .....: 33 30 3 40.0 : Southern Plains .....: 50 44 6 38.8 : Mountain I ..........: 16 15 1 43.3 Mountain II .........: 13 12 1 41.5 Mountain III ........: 15 12 3 44.8 : Pacific .............: 37 32 5 39.9 California ..........: 110 96 14 36.3 : Hawaii ..............: 5 4 1 35.3 : United States .......: 511 452 59 38.9 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: January 8-14, 2023 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of worker : :--------------------------------------------------------------:Gross wage rates for Regions1/ and : : :Field and livestock : all hired workers United States : Field workers : Livestock workers : combined : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : dollars per hour : Northeast I .........: 18.89 15.69 17.08 18.50 Northeast II ........: 17.45 16.82 17.19 18.53 : Appalachian I .......: 15.91 14.30 15.31 16.51 Appalachian II ......: 15.60 15.47 15.53 16.71 : Southeast ...........: 15.28 12.93 14.59 15.41 Florida .............: 14.60 14.75 14.62 15.59 : Lake ................: 19.17 16.85 17.63 18.85 : Cornbelt I ..........: 19.24 16.70 18.10 19.18 Cornbelt II .........: 17.92 18.23 18.11 19.05 : Delta ...............: 14.67 15.93 15.09 15.69 : Northern Plains .....: 20.03 17.10 18.05 18.91 : Southern Plains .....: 17.04 14.91 15.91 16.84 : Mountain I ..........: 18.77 17.28 17.62 18.73 Mountain II .........: 16.80 16.31 16.53 17.82 Mountain III ........: 15.48 16.71 16.04 16.93 : Pacific .............: 18.89 18.17 18.76 19.78 California ..........: 19.25 19.80 19.40 21.40 : Hawaii ..............: 18.40 18.65 18.44 20.29 : United States .......: 17.67 16.71 17.26 18.55 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: October 9-15, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired workers :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Expected to be employed : Regions1/ and : Number of :-----------------------------------------: Gross United States : workers : 150 days or more : 149 days or less : hours worked --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------------------- 1,000 ------------------- hours per week : Northeast I .........: 41 31 10 40.9 Northeast II ........: 32 25 7 38.9 : Appalachian I .......: 35 27 8 39.0 Appalachian II ......: 31 19 12 37.3 : Southeast ...........: 35 28 7 41.3 Florida .............: 26 24 2 43.2 : Lake ................: 69 50 19 42.9 : Cornbelt I ..........: 37 28 9 40.2 Cornbelt II .........: 29 21 8 40.6 : Delta ...............: 35 26 9 45.0 : Northern Plains .....: 45 32 13 45.9 : Southern Plains .....: 59 45 14 41.2 : Mountain I ..........: 30 24 6 46.3 Mountain II .........: 20 16 4 41.9 Mountain III ........: 12 11 1 46.7 : Pacific .............: 86 54 32 41.1 California ..........: 157 127 30 41.7 : Hawaii ..............: 6 5 1 35.0 : United States .......: 785 593 192 41.8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: October 9-15, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of worker : :--------------------------------------------------------------:Gross wage rates for Regions1/ and : : :Field and livestock : all hired workers United States : Field workers : Livestock workers : combined : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : dollars per hour : Northeast I .........: 17.15 16.38 16.92 17.87 Northeast II ........: 17.31 16.05 17.07 18.12 : Appalachian I .......: 14.25 15.61 14.57 15.14 Appalachian II ......: 14.25 13.97 14.16 14.87 : Southeast ...........: 13.92 14.03 13.94 14.67 Florida .............: 14.90 14.95 14.91 16.08 : Lake ................: 18.26 17.52 17.92 18.83 : Cornbelt I ..........: 17.60 16.18 17.27 17.79 Cornbelt II .........: 17.25 17.53 17.34 18.19 : Delta ...............: 13.62 14.47 13.79 14.17 : Northern Plains .....: 18.46 16.88 17.88 18.22 : Southern Plains .....: 14.24 15.98 15.10 15.74 : Mountain I ..........: 15.77 15.68 15.73 16.46 Mountain II .........: 16.75 14.71 15.90 16.85 Mountain III ........: 14.82 16.29 15.46 16.26 : Pacific .............: 18.28 18.63 18.31 18.88 California ..........: 19.15 18.85 19.10 20.23 : Hawaii ..............: 17.85 17.85 17.85 19.53 : United States .......: 17.04 16.52 16.90 17.72 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: July 10-16, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired workers :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Expected to be employed : Regions1/ and : Number of :-----------------------------------------: Gross United States : workers : 150 days or more : 149 days or less : hours worked --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------------------- 1,000 ------------------- hours per week : Northeast I .........: 41 30 11 39.4 Northeast II ........: 37 23 14 39.7 : Appalachian I .......: 35 26 9 39.7 Appalachian II ......: 32 19 13 36.0 : Southeast ...........: 36 30 6 40.8 Florida .............: 24 23 1 42.7 : Lake ................: 63 49 14 41.3 : Cornbelt I ..........: 37 29 8 38.4 Cornbelt II .........: 22 19 3 39.3 : Delta ...............: 33 27 6 43.6 : Northern Plains .....: 38 32 6 44.4 : Southern Plains .....: 56 45 11 40.5 : Mountain I ..........: 29 24 5 45.5 Mountain II .........: 22 16 6 41.0 Mountain III ........: 13 11 2 45.6 : Pacific .............: 106 55 51 41.1 California ..........: 168 129 39 41.7 : Hawaii ..............: 5 4 1 34.9 : United States .......: 797 591 206 41.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: July 10-16, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of worker : :--------------------------------------------------------------:Gross wage rates for Regions1/ and : : :Field and livestock : all hired workers United States : Field workers : Livestock workers : combined : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : dollars per hour : Northeast I .........: 17.08 16.17 16.80 17.67 Northeast II ........: 16.10 16.10 16.10 17.09 : Appalachian I .......: 14.45 15.45 14.68 15.22 Appalachian II ......: 13.58 14.23 13.81 14.53 : Southeast ...........: 13.97 14.10 14.00 14.63 Florida .............: 14.80 15.45 14.89 15.98 : Lake ................: 17.33 17.69 17.51 18.49 : Cornbelt I ..........: 17.24 16.53 17.05 17.65 Cornbelt II .........: 16.67 17.42 17.00 18.10 : Delta ...............: 13.64 14.16 13.76 14.15 : Northern Plains .....: 17.57 16.85 17.25 17.69 : Southern Plains .....: 14.55 16.23 15.37 16.05 : Mountain I ..........: 15.51 15.65 15.57 16.27 Mountain II .........: 17.45 15.36 16.66 17.46 Mountain III ........: 14.93 16.46 15.69 16.42 : Pacific .............: 17.94 18.06 17.95 18.50 California ..........: 18.90 19.05 18.93 20.21 : Hawaii ..............: 17.40 17.90 17.47 19.24 : United States .......: 16.80 16.65 16.76 17.63 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: April 10-16, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired workers :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Expected to be employed : Regions1/ and : Number of :-----------------------------------------: Gross United States : workers : 150 days or more : 149 days or less : hours worked --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------------------- 1,000 ------------------- hours per week : Northeast I .........: 32 21 11 37.1 Northeast II ........: 26 22 4 37.7 : Appalachian I .......: 28 26 2 38.9 Appalachian II ......: 20 18 2 38.2 : Southeast ...........: 30 23 7 38.5 Florida .............: 28 25 3 43.0 : Lake ................: 56 48 8 38.4 : Cornbelt I ..........: 32 28 4 39.5 Cornbelt II .........: 23 20 3 36.0 : Delta ...............: 26 20 6 42.3 : Northern Plains .....: 33 26 7 43.7 : Southern Plains .....: 56 46 10 40.8 : Mountain I ..........: 22 19 3 47.7 Mountain II .........: 18 14 4 42.1 Mountain III ........: 15 13 2 47.9 : Pacific .............: 45 37 8 36.3 California ..........: 135 108 27 38.8 : Hawaii ..............: 5 4 1 35.3 : United States .......: 630 518 112 39.7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: April 10-16, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of worker : :--------------------------------------------------------------:Gross wage rates for Regions1/ and : : :Field and livestock : all hired workers United States : Field workers : Livestock workers : combined : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : dollars per hour : Northeast I .........: 17.91 16.36 17.32 18.28 Northeast II ........: 16.92 15.08 16.37 17.59 : Appalachian I .......: 15.56 15.06 15.44 16.06 Appalachian II ......: 14.67 14.55 14.62 15.44 : Southeast ...........: 13.16 12.92 13.11 13.76 Florida .............: 13.85 14.30 13.90 14.61 : Lake ................: 17.36 16.22 16.73 17.45 : Cornbelt I ..........: 17.64 15.77 17.13 17.93 Cornbelt II .........: 17.89 17.92 17.90 18.52 : Delta ...............: 13.23 13.30 13.25 13.69 : Northern Plains .....: 17.43 16.56 16.94 17.63 : Southern Plains .....: 14.20 14.56 14.39 15.17 : Mountain I ..........: 16.34 15.10 15.69 16.35 Mountain II .........: 17.53 15.37 16.43 17.34 Mountain III ........: 15.20 16.39 15.74 16.49 : Pacific .............: 17.27 17.64 17.32 18.35 California ..........: 18.25 18.35 18.26 19.71 : Hawaii ..............: 16.50 18.55 16.84 18.95 : United States .......: 16.50 15.82 16.27 17.22 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Number of Workers and Gross Hours Worked - Regions and United States: January 9-15, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired workers :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Expected to be employed : Regions1/ and : Number of :-----------------------------------------: Gross United States : workers : 150 days or more : 149 days or less : hours worked --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ------------------- 1,000 ------------------- hours per week : Northeast I .........: 22 18 4 38.4 Northeast II ........: 21 17 4 36.9 : Appalachian I .......: 19 18 1 37.2 Appalachian II ......: 16 15 1 37.3 : Southeast ...........: 21 18 3 37.8 Florida .............: 27 25 2 41.2 : Lake ................: 45 41 4 39.1 : Cornbelt I ..........: 24 23 1 37.7 Cornbelt II .........: 19 18 1 34.6 : Delta ...............: 15 12 3 38.6 : Northern Plains .....: 27 21 6 43.3 : Southern Plains .....: 49 44 5 39.8 : Mountain I ..........: 15 14 1 44.1 Mountain II .........: 14 13 1 41.6 Mountain III ........: 14 12 2 49.1 : Pacific .............: 36 30 6 37.2 California ..........: 118 77 41 39.3 : Hawaii ..............: 5 4 1 35.7 : United States .......: 507 420 87 39.3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Gross Wage Rates by Type of Worker - Regions and United States: January 9-15, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of worker : :--------------------------------------------------------------:Gross wage rates for Regions1/ and : : :Field and livestock : all hired workers United States : Field workers : Livestock workers : combined : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : dollars per hour : Northeast I .........: 17.59 16.09 16.82 17.93 Northeast II ........: 17.76 15.42 16.83 18.21 : Appalachian I .......: 15.39 15.00 15.26 16.15 Appalachian II ......: 14.96 14.76 14.86 15.79 : Southeast ...........: 13.45 13.24 13.39 14.10 Florida .............: 13.70 13.70 13.70 14.48 : Lake ................: 18.26 16.15 16.84 17.71 : Cornbelt I ..........: 18.28 15.92 17.26 18.27 Cornbelt II .........: 18.59 17.82 18.11 18.86 : Delta ...............: 14.08 13.73 13.96 14.54 : Northern Plains .....: 17.45 16.56 16.89 17.99 : Southern Plains .....: 14.37 14.68 14.53 15.29 : Mountain I ..........: 16.42 15.58 15.78 16.81 Mountain II .........: 17.36 15.62 16.37 17.48 Mountain III ........: 14.80 16.56 15.57 16.31 : Pacific .............: 17.81 18.13 17.87 18.95 California ..........: 17.75 18.75 17.98 20.16 : Hawaii ..............: 16.40 18.15 16.68 18.82 : United States .......: 16.54 16.12 16.37 17.63 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Region map on page 22. Combined Field and Livestock Worker Gross Wage Rates by Type of Farm - Regions and 48 States: April 9-15, 2023 [Excludes agricultural service workers] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Regions1/ : Field : Other : Livestock and : All : crop farms : crop farms : poultry farms : farms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : dollars per hour : Northeast 2/ ...................: 17.70 17.67 15.87 16.93 Appalachian 3/ .................: 15.72 15.80 14.75 15.29 Southeast and Florida ..........: 13.14 14.81 12.40 14.23 Lake ...........................: 19.57 19.55 16.47 17.92 Cornbelt 4/ ....................: 17.50 17.98 17.46 17.62 Delta ..........................: 13.68 15.17 15.39 14.52 Northern Plains ................: 20.45 18.55 16.91 17.87 Southern Plains ................: 16.43 17.93 14.75 15.57 Mountain 5/ ....................: 16.30 16.10 16.70 16.40 Pacific and California .........: 20.20 18.74 19.98 18.98 : 48 States 6/ ...................: 16.93 17.54 16.12 16.99 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Region map on page 22. 2/ Includes Northeast I and Northeast II. 3/ Includes Appalachian I and Appalachian II. 4/ Includes Cornbelt I and Cornbelt II. 5/ Includes Mountain I, Mountain II, and Mountain III. 6/ Excludes Alaska and Hawaii Combined Field and Livestock Worker Gross Wage Rates by Type of Farm - Regions and 48 States: January 8-14, 2023 [Excludes agricultural service workers] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Regions1/ : Field : Other : Livestock and : All : crop farms : crop farms : poultry farms : farms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : dollars per hour : Northeast 2/ ...................: 18.02 18.52 16.33 17.12 Appalachian 3/ .................: 17.06 16.34 14.72 15.41 Southeast and Florida ..........: 13.77 15.23 12.79 14.61 Lake ...........................: 20.33 19.12 16.65 17.63 Cornbelt 4/ ....................: 18.69 18.18 17.70 18.10 Delta ..........................: 13.99 15.29 15.71 15.09 Northern Plains ................: 20.83 19.53 17.16 18.05 Southern Plains ................: 15.97 18.62 14.94 15.91 Mountain 5/ ....................: 17.23 16.35 16.92 16.74 Pacific and California .........: 21.83 18.92 19.71 19.23 : 48 States 6/ ...................: 17.94 17.78 16.49 17.25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Region map on page 22. 2/ Includes Northeast I and Northeast II. 3/ Includes Appalachian I and Appalachian II. 4/ Includes Cornbelt I and Cornbelt II. 5/ Includes Mountain I, Mountain II, and Mountain III. 6/ Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. Combined Field and Livestock Worker Gross Wage Rates by Type of Farm - Regions and 48 States: April 10-16, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Regions1/ : Field : Other : Livestock and : All : crop farms : crop farms : poultry farms : farms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : dollars per hour : Northeast 2/ ...................: 17.56 17.37 15.59 16.89 Appalachian 3/ .................: 15.21 15.46 14.56 15.10 Southeast and Florida ..........: 13.17 13.47 13.70 13.51 Lake ...........................: 19.12 16.98 16.22 16.73 Cornbelt 4/ ....................: 19.41 16.99 16.75 17.44 Delta ..........................: 13.27 13.24 13.01 13.25 Northern Plains ................: 17.75 17.14 16.49 16.94 Southern Plains ................: 13.71 14.39 14.73 14.39 Mountain 5/ ....................: 17.88 15.78 15.73 15.92 Pacific and California .........: 18.14 18.00 18.26 18.04 : 48 States 6/ ...................: 15.82 16.64 15.84 16.27 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Region map on page 22. 2/ Includes Northeast I and Northeast II. 3/ Includes Appalachian I and Appalachian II. 4/ Includes Cornbelt I and Cornbelt II. 5/ Includes Mountain I, Mountain II, and Mountain III. 6/ Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. Combined Field and Livestock Worker Gross Wage Rates by Type of Farm - Regions and 48 States: January 9-15, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Regions1/ : Field : Other : Livestock and : All : crop farms : crop farms : poultry farms : farms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : dollars per hour : Northeast 2/ ...................: 18.19 17.34 15.99 16.82 Appalachian 3/ .................: 15.78 15.02 14.78 15.08 Southeast and Florida ..........: 12.57 13.57 13.93 13.57 Lake ...........................: 19.76 17.49 16.22 16.84 Cornbelt 4/ ....................: 19.58 17.75 16.62 17.63 Delta ..........................: 14.22 14.03 13.26 13.96 Northern Plains ................: 17.73 18.13 16.26 16.89 Southern Plains ................: 14.76 13.78 14.73 14.53 Mountain 5/ ....................: 17.33 15.55 15.90 15.88 Pacific and California .........: 19.77 17.78 18.43 17.95 : 48 States 6/ ...................: 16.75 16.46 16.06 16.37 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Region map on page 22. 2/ Includes Northeast I and Northeast II. 3/ Includes Appalachian I and Appalachian II. 4/ Includes Cornbelt I and Cornbelt II. 5/ Includes Mountain I, Mountain II, and Mountain III. 6/ Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. All Hired Worker Gross Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm - Regions and 48 States: April 9-15, 2023 [Excludes agricultural service workers] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Gross value sales-$1,000 : Regions1/ :-----------------------------------------------------------: All : <50 : 50-99 : 100-249 : 250-499 : 500-999 : 1,000+ : farms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : dollars per hour : Northeast 2/ ...................: (S) 17.85 14.36 16.25 17.72 19.00 18.12 Appalachian 3/ .................: 12.99 13.92 13.77 15.55 17.32 18.03 16.19 Southeast and Florida ..........: 10.92 11.93 13.60 12.98 14.52 15.55 14.99 Lake ...........................: (S) (S) 14.51 14.73 17.36 19.57 18.92 Cornbelt 4/ ....................: (S) (S) 15.85 (S) 17.08 18.71 18.42 Delta ..........................: 15.25 (S) 14.29 15.86 14.32 15.01 14.94 Northern Plains ................: (S) (S) 16.73 16.34 16.16 19.59 18.51 Southern Plains ................: 16.00 (S) 18.03 14.07 17.65 18.08 16.41 Mountain 5/ ....................: (S) 17.23 (S) 15.82 17.02 17.46 17.35 Pacific and California .........: (S) 20.00 20.73 20.12 20.04 20.60 20.49 : 48 States 6/ ...................: 17.16 15.62 16.48 15.37 17.65 18.78 18.07 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (S) Insufficient number of reports to establish an estimate. 1/ Region map on page 22. 2/ Includes Northeast I and Northeast II. 3/ Includes Appalachian I and Appalachian II. 4/ Includes Cornbelt I and Cornbelt II. 5/ Includes Mountain I, Mountain II, and Mountain III. 6/ Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. All Hired Worker Gross Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm - Regions and 48 States: January 8-14, 2023 [Excludes agricultural service workers] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Gross value sales-$1,000 : Regions1/ :-----------------------------------------------------------: All : <50 : 50-99 : 100-249 : 250-499 : 500-999 : 1,000+ : farms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : dollars per hour : Northeast 2/ ...................: (S) 18.53 13.78 16.46 18.43 19.69 18.51 Appalachian 3/ .................: 15.80 13.99 14.37 16.41 17.37 18.80 16.60 Southeast and Florida ..........: 11.22 12.44 13.92 12.71 15.32 16.30 15.50 Lake ...........................: (S) (S) 14.10 16.17 18.07 19.04 18.85 Cornbelt 4/ ....................: (S) (S) 17.40 (S) 17.84 19.18 19.12 Delta ..........................: 15.83 (S) 13.96 17.48 14.92 15.54 15.69 Northern Plains ................: (S) (S) 18.50 16.99 15.87 19.78 18.91 Southern Plains ................: 18.57 (S) 18.92 12.90 17.82 18.78 16.84 Mountain 5/ ....................: (S) 17.00 (S) 16.93 17.82 18.08 17.84 Pacific and California .........: (S) 19.14 21.37 20.03 19.93 21.28 20.96 : 48 States 6/ ...................: 17.52 14.89 17.07 15.59 18.01 19.34 18.53 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (S) Insufficient number of reports to establish an estimate. 1/ Region map on page 22. 2/ Includes Northeast I and Northeast II. 3/ Includes Appalachian I and Appalachian II. 4/ Includes Cornbelt I and Cornbelt II. 5/ Includes Mountain I, Mountain II, and Mountain III. 6/ Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. All Hired Worker Gross Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm - Regions and 48 States: April 10-16, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Gross value sales-$1,000 : Regions1/ :-----------------------------------------------------------: All : <50 : 50-99 : 100-249 : 250-499 : 500-999 : 1,000+ : farms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : dollars per hour : Northeast 2/ ...................: (S) (S) 14.82 18.47 (S) 18.16 17.97 Appalachian 3/ .................: 13.08 15.66 13.44 15.61 15.15 16.52 15.80 Southeast and Florida ..........: 14.42 13.02 15.04 12.84 13.10 14.39 14.19 Lake ...........................: (S) 12.89 14.79 16.65 (S) 17.80 17.45 Cornbelt 4/ ....................: 16.81 (S) 16.32 (S) 17.18 18.48 18.16 Delta ..........................: 12.56 (S) 13.07 13.99 13.53 13.88 13.69 Northern Plains ................: (S) 15.13 17.81 (S) 16.44 18.15 17.63 Southern Plains ................: 12.95 (S) 15.54 14.75 15.12 15.86 15.17 Mountain 5/ ....................: (S) 14.43 (S) 14.63 (S) 16.70 16.69 Pacific and California .........: (S) 20.70 20.60 18.23 18.96 19.36 19.39 : 48 States 6/ ...................: 14.45 16.05 16.85 16.90 16.91 17.53 17.22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (S) Insufficient number of reports to establish an estimate. 1/ Region map on page 22. 2/ Includes Northeast I and Northeast II. 3/ Includes Appalachian I and Appalachian II. 4/ Includes Cornbelt I and Cornbelt II. 5/ Includes Mountain I, Mountain II, and Mountain III. 6/ Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. All Hired Worker Gross Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm - Regions and 48 States: January 9-15, 2022 [Excludes agricultural service workers] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Gross value sales-$1,000 : Regions1/ :-----------------------------------------------------------: All : <50 : 50-99 : 100-249 : 250-499 : 500-999 : 1,000+ : farms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : dollars per hour : Northeast 2/ ...................: (S) (S) (S) 14.34 (S) 18.85 18.06 Appalachian 3/ .................: 14.11 16.06 13.30 16.06 14.81 16.77 15.99 Southeast and Florida ..........: 15.65 13.03 13.55 12.85 13.10 14.59 14.32 Lake ...........................: (S) 13.24 17.01 15.55 (S) 18.08 17.71 Cornbelt 4/ ....................: (S) (S) 16.70 (S) 18.11 18.66 18.52 Delta ..........................: 12.93 (S) 13.61 14.36 14.33 15.11 14.54 Northern Plains ................: (S) 16.32 (S) 15.77 17.01 18.34 17.99 Southern Plains ................: 11.46 (S) 18.16 14.66 14.85 15.67 15.29 Mountain 5/ ....................: (S) 14.90 (S) 14.39 (S) 16.72 16.83 Pacific and California .........: (S) 18.95 19.51 18.61 19.53 20.00 19.89 : 48 States 6/ ...................: 14.93 16.37 17.21 15.36 17.32 18.00 17.62 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (S) Insufficient number of reports to establish an estimate. 1/ Region map on page 22. 2/ Includes Northeast I and Northeast II. 3/ Includes Appalachian I and Appalachian II. 4/ Includes Cornbelt I and Cornbelt II. 5/ Includes Mountain I, Mountain II, and Mountain III. 6/ Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. Field and Livestock Workers by Type of Farm [Excludes agricultural service workers, Alaska, and Hawaii] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : January 9-15, : April 10-16, : July 10-16, : October 9-15, : January 8-14, : April 9-15, Type of farm : 2022 : 2022 : 2022 : 2022 : 2023 : 2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent : Field crop farms .....................: 11 13 13 17 11 12 Other crop farms .....................: 49 54 58 54 47 54 Livestock, dairy, and poultry farms ..: 40 33 29 29 42 34 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hired Workers by Economic Class of Farm [Excludes agricultural service workers, Alaska, and Hawaii] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : January 9-15, : April 10-16, : July 10-16, : October 9-15, : January 8-14, : April 9-15, Gross value of sales : 2022 : 2022 : 2022 : 2022 : 2023 : 2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent : Less than $50,000 ..............: 5 5 6 5 5 4 $50,000-$99,999 ................: 2 3 4 4 4 4 $100,000-$249,999 ..............: 5 7 7 7 6 6 $250,000-$499,999 ..............: 7 7 7 8 9 10 $500,000-$999,999 ..............: 10 11 11 11 12 11 $1,000,000 and over ............: 71 67 65 65 64 65 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hired Workers by Number of Workers on Farm [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : January 9-15, : April 10-16, : July 10-16, : October 9-15, : January 8-14, : April 9-15, Number of workers on farm : 2022 : 2022 : 2022 : 2022 : 2023 : 2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent 1 worker .....................: 8 7 7 8 8 6 2 workers ....................: 8 7 7 6 8 7 3-6 workers ..................: 14 16 15 17 18 17 7-10 workers .................: 8 9 7 7 9 8 11-20 workers ................: 12 11 10 11 11 12 21-50 workers ................: 16 15 14 15 17 16 51 or more workers ...........: 34 35 40 36 29 34 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hired Workers by Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : :January 9-15, : April 10-16, :January 8-14, : April 9-15, Title : SOC Code : 2022 : 2022 : 2023 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : --------------------- 1,000 -------------------- Graders and sorters, agricultural products ..................:(45-2041) 12 12 9 9 Agricultural equipment operators ............................:(45-2091) 86 105 88 113 Farmworkers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse ..................:(45-2092) 175 264 172 267 Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals ..........:(45-2093) 142 149 138 153 Agricultural workers, all other .............................:(45-2099) 8 8 9 8 Packers and packagers, hand .................................:(53-7064) 10 14 13 14 : : Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers ..........:(11-9013) 20 21 25 25 First-line supervisors of farming, fishing workers ..........:(45-1011) 18 19 17 20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Gross Wage Rates by Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System [Excludes agricultural service workers and Alaska] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : :January 9-15, : April 10-16, :January 8-14, : April 9-15, Title : SOC Code : 2022 : 2022 : 2023 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : ---------------- dollars per hour ---------------- Graders and sorters, agricultural products ..................:(45-2041) 16.40 16.15 16.35 15.65 Agricultural equipment operators ............................:(45-2091) 17.20 17.15 18.40 18.00 Farmworkers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse ..................:(45-2092) 16.45 16.25 17.40 17.00 Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals ..........:(45-2093) 15.65 15.50 16.25 16.15 Agricultural workers, all other .............................:(45-2099) 17.20 17.40 17.90 18.10 Packers and packagers, hand .................................:(53-7064) 16.50 16.65 16.45 16.35 : : Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers ..........:(11-9013) 28.20 26.45 28.40 28.15 First-line supervisors of farming, fishing workers ..........:(45-1011) 25.15 24.50 25.70 25.30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Region States Northeast I Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont. Northeast II Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Appalachian I North Carolina, Virginia. Appalachian II Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia. Southeast Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina. Lake Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin. Cornbelt I Illinois, Indiana, Ohio. Cornbelt II Iowa, Missouri. Delta Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi. Northern Plains Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota. Southern Plains Oklahoma, Texas. Mountain I Idaho, Montana, Wyoming. Mountain II Colorado, Nevada, Utah. Mountain III Arizona, New Mexico. Pacific Oregon, Washington. Farm Labor Definitions The following definitions are provided to assist in interpreting statistics published in Farm Labor reports. To ensure consistency in data collection, the questionnaires and instruction manual used by the interviewers provide more in-depth explanations of these terms. Farm or Ranch: The target population unit for the Agricultural (Farm) Labor Survey, which is any place with $1,000 or more in annual agricultural sales (or potential sales). Agricultural Work: Work done on a farm or ranch in connection with the production of agricultural products, including nursery and greenhouse products and animal specialties such as fur farms or apiaries. Also included is work done off the farm to handle farm related business, such as trips to buy feed or deliver products to local market. Hired Worker: Anyone, other than an agricultural service worker, who was paid for at least one hour of agricultural work on a farm or ranch. Beginning with years 2020-2021, worker type is primarily determined by assessing worker tasks performed during the survey reference week. Previously, worker type was determined by what each employee was primarily hired to do, not necessarily what work was done during the survey reference week. Types of workers include: Field Workers: Employees engaged in planting, tending and harvesting crops including operation of farm machinery on crop farms. The Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) codes and titles associated with field workers are 45-2041: Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products; 45-2091: Agricultural Equipment Operators; 45-2092: Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery and Greenhouse; 45-2099: Agricultural Workers, All Other; 53-7064: Packers and Packagers, Hand. Livestock Workers: Employees tending livestock, milking cows or caring for poultry, including operation of farm machinery on livestock or poultry operations. SOC codes and titles associated with livestock workers are 45- 2041: Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products; 45-2093: Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals; 45-2099: Agricultural Workers, All Other; 53-7064: Packers and Packagers, Hand. Supervisors: Hired managers, range foremen, crew leaders, etc. SOC codes and titles associated with supervisors are 11-9013: Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers; 45-1011: First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers. Other Workers: Employees engaged in agricultural work not included in the other three categories. Bookkeepers and pilots are examples. SOC codes and titles associated with other workers include but are not limited to 45- 2011: Agricultural Inspectors; 45-2021: Animal Breeders; 37-2012: Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation. For more information on the applicable Standard Occupational Classification codes, see "Crosswalk from National Agricultural Statistics Service Farm Labor Survey to the Standard Occupational Classification System" at the "Surveys and Programs" page for Farm Labor, on the NASS website (http://www.nass.usda.gov). Methods of Pay: All wage rates are calculated based on total wages paid and total hours worked during the survey reference week. Wages paid other than hourly (bi-weekly, monthly, etc.) are converted to an hourly basis prior to summarization. Wages paid by piece rate (per quantity of produce picked, etc.) are also converted to an hourly basis. Gross Hours: Gross hours are the number of hours worked during the survey reference week. Base Hours: Base hours are the number of hours worked, for which base wages are paid. Base hours were used in the calculation of base wage rates for year 2020. Beginning with July and October 2021, publication of base hours and base wage rates, and collection of associated data, is discontinued. Gross Wage Rate: Gross wages are the total amount paid to workers before taxes and other deductions; the rate is per hour. The worker's share of social security and unemployment insurance is included, but the employer's share is excluded. Gross wages may include in-kind payments (e.g., agricultural product like a side of beef, bushels of grain, etc.) provided in lieu of wages for work done. The value of perquisites is excluded from gross wages. Base Wage Rate: Base wages are gross wages less regularly paid bonuses, overtime pay, or other incentive pay. For employees receiving incentive pay such as piece rate pay or commissions, the base wages are the minimum amount guaranteed. The rate was per base hour, for year 2020. The rate was per gross hour, for year 2019. Beginning with July and October 2021, publication of base hours and base wage rates, and collection of associated data, is discontinued. Perquisites: Benefits, such as cash bonuses, housing, or meals, provided to an employee in addition to pay are included in perquisites. Wage rates published in this release do not include the value of these benefits. Term of Employment: The length of time during the year the farm operator expects to employ those workers who were on the payroll during the survey week. Agricultural Service: Any farm-related service performed on a farm or ranch on a contract or fee basis. This primarily includes activities performed by contract workers on fruit, vegetable, or berry operations. It also includes custom work, veterinarian work, artificial insemination, sheep shearing, milk testing, or any other farm-related activity performed on a farm or ranch on a "fee per service" basis. The agricultural services component has been discontinued from the Farm Labor Survey. Contract Labor: Contract workers are paid by a crew leader, contractor, buyer, processor, cooperative, or other person who has an oral or written agreement with a farmer/rancher. Pruning, thinning, weeding or harvesting of fruit, vegetable or berry crops are examples. A machine is not a part of the service activity provided by the contractor. The Farm Labor Survey excludes measures of contract labor. Custom Work: Work performed by machines and labor hired as a unit. Hay baling, combining, corn or cotton picking, spraying, fertilizing, and laser leveling are examples of custom work when the equipment is included in the service activity. The Farm Labor Survey excludes measures of custom labor. Type of Farm (or Ranch): An operation is classified in the farm type which accounts for the largest portion of the total gross value of sales for its agricultural production. Types of farms broken out in this publication are: Field Crop Farms: Farms producing wheat, rice, corn, soybeans, barley, dry beans, rye, sorghum, cotton, popcorn, tobacco, or other such crops. Other Crop Farms: Farms producing vegetables, melons, berry crops, grapes, tree nuts, citrus fruits, deciduous tree fruits, avocados, dates, figs, olives, nursery, or greenhouse crops. This category also includes farms producing potatoes, sugar crops, hay, peanuts, hops, mint, and maple syrup. Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Farms: Farms producing cattle, hogs, sheep, goats, milk, chickens, eggs, turkeys, or animal specialties such as furs, fish, honey, etc. Gross Value of Sales: This includes all income during a year from the sale of crops, livestock, dairy, poultry, or other related agricultural products, including the landlord's share and the value of products produced under contract. When commodities are placed under CCC loan, they are considered sold. Survey Methodology Survey Procedures: The NASS Agricultural (Farm) Labor Survey is conducted semi-annually in April and October, in all surveyed states except California. During the April data collection, data for both January and April reference weeks are collected. During the October data collection, data for both July and October reference weeks are collected. The quarterly reference week is the Sunday to Saturday period which includes the 12th day of the month. For California, collection of these data is currently conducted on a quarterly basis, as part of the California Employment Development Department monthly labor program. The target population for the Farm Labor Survey program is all operations which meet the definition of a farm or ranch. An optimal sample is selected in each state. The total sample size target was temporarily increased to approximately 38,000 operations to accommodate a program expansion implemented for mid-years 2019 through 2021. Beginning with the July and October 2021 survey, a sample size target of approximately 18,000 operations was derived both in accordance with a program contraction, and adjustment for declining survey participation rates. The Farm Labor Survey is a multiple frame survey, incorporating samples from both the NASS list and area frames to ensure adequate coverage. Farms on the list frame are sampled through a hierarchical stratified design, with strata based on measures of size. Those operations with associated control data indicating peak numbers of workers are stratified based on these values, and those expected to employ large numbers of workers (higher peak number values) are selected with the greatest frequency. Farms on the list frame which do not have peak worker control data are stratified and sampled based on farm value of sales. Farms stratified by farm value of sales are selected at a lower frequency. In order to provide coverage of farms not currently part of the NASS list frame, a second sample is drawn consisting of segments of land selected from the NASS area frame. The area frame contains all land in the state and, as such, is complete. The land is stratified according to intensity of agriculture using satellite imagery. The land in each stratum is divided into segments of roughly one square mile. Segments are optimally allocated and sampled to effectively measure crops and livestock. The sampled segments are fully enumerated in June. All farms and ranches found operating tracts in these segments are checked to see if they are included in the list frame hired labor population. The farms and ranches that are not included in the list frame labor population, called nonoverlap tracts, are sampled for the Farm Labor Survey so that the target population is completely represented. The area frame component is enumerated during each semi-annual data collection period along with the list sample. Most respondents are first contacted through self-administered mailed questionnaires, which can be completed either by hand or securely online. Nonresponse to the mail and online request is followed-up by telephone enumeration. All manually completed survey questionnaires are returned to the NASS National Operations Center, where they are visually reviewed and key entered. Throughout the data collection process, steps are taken to minimize the impact of nonsampling errors such as reporting, recording, and editing errors. These steps include questionnaire testing, comprehensive interviewer training, validation, and verification of processing systems, application of detailed computer edits, and evaluation of the data via the analysis tools. Estimating Procedures: Nonresponse adjustment is necessary to account for producers who refuse to participate in the survey, cannot be located during the data collection period, or who submit incomplete reports. These nonrespondents must be accounted for if accurate estimates of farm labor are to be made. For the Farm Labor Survey, nonrespondents are accounted for by adjusting the weights of the respondents. The adjustment occurs by stratum as all strata represent homogeneous groupings of similar sized farms. The adjustment is performed by individual item on the questionnaire so adjustments for item nonresponse (partial reports) and unit nonresponse (refusals and inaccessibles) are done in a single calculation. For estimation of data items, point estimates called direct expansions are calculated by multiplying the reported value by the final adjusted weight (initial sampling weight adjusted for nonresponse) and summing to a stratum total. A variance estimate is also computed at the stratum level. The nonoverlap tracts are treated as an additional stratum. Totals and variances are additive across strata to form state level point estimates. Ratio estimates are also computed for many items. For example, wage rates are calculated as the ratio of total wages to total hours worked. Ratio estimates use the reweighted estimator described above for the numerator and denominator direct expansions. Both the numerator and denominator must be usable in order for that record to be used in the ratio estimator. The number of hired workers, average hours worked, average wage rate data, and all associated sub-items are summarized from the dataset. Because an identical data collection instrument (questionnaire) and follow-up interview are used for all states, as well as identical editing, analysis, and summarization processes, state data can be summarized and regional and national survey point estimates computed. For estimation purposes, point estimates are adopted as survey indications for all data items. The summary results provide multiple direct and ratio indications for each data series being estimated. The results also provide information used to assess the performance of the current survey and evaluate the quality of the survey indications. NASS Regional Field Offices review the state level indications and submit state level comments documenting state specific concerns to NASS headquarters. NASS headquarters completes the regional and national level summaries, which utilize the same estimators and produce the same indications as the state level summaries. All estimates are set at NASS headquarters. Starting in year 2020, model- based estimates of hired workers, average hours worked, average wage rates, and the associated sub-items are produced to support NASS estimation processes. The model-based estimates are produced after a calibration process in which the effects of significant data outliers are mitigated. Statistical models are mathematical equations that relate quantities of interest (in this case, number of workers, hours, and wage rates) to a set of important input factors. The models used by NASS relate the direct expansions obtained from the current Farm Labor Survey to previous year, same quarter official estimates. This modeling approach improves the precision of the resulting estimates. In particular, estimates in publication cells derived from few reports become more precise than estimates derived from survey alone. For the final step in the estimation process, NASS assembles a panel of statisticians to serve as the Agricultural Statistics Board (ASB) for the Farm Labor Survey. The Farm Labor ASB reviews both the modeled estimates and survey indications and establishes all final, official estimates for the Farm Labor Survey program. As part of the semi-annual process, the ASB also considers revised estimates and indications and issues revisions of previously published estimates where appropriate. Additionally, the ASB reviews the annual average estimates for the November publication, which are summarized from the final regional and national level estimates for each of the four quarters. Revision Policy: Farm labor statistics are subject to revision semi-annually and annually. Revisions must be supported by additional data that directly affect the level of the estimate. Worker numbers, hours and wage rates for January and April 2022, and October 2022, were subject to revision with this report. For More Information For more information on the Farm Labor Survey methodology and quality measures, see "Farm Labor Survey Methodology and Quality Measures" on the NASS website (http://www.nass.usda.gov). Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity statisticians in the Environmental, Economics, and Demographics Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E- mail inquiries may be sent to nass@nass.usda.gov. Tony Dorn, Chief, Environmental, Economics, and Demographics Branch.............. (202) 720-6146 Bruce Boess, Head, Economics Section............................................. (202) 720-4447 Stephanie Brennan - Farm Production Expenditures.............................. (202) 690-0392 Doug Farmer - Chemical Use, Land Values....................................... (202) 690-3229 Zoe Johnson - Cash Receipts, Farm Production Expenditures..................... (202) 720-5446 Michael Mathison - Cash Rents, Farms, Land in Farms, Grazing Fees............. (202) 720-3243 Ralph Mondesir - Prices Received Indexes, Parity Prices, Prices Paid Indexes.. (202) 221-9297 Max Reason - Prices Received Indexes, Parity Prices, Prices Paid Indexes...... (202) 720-8844 Theresa Varner - Farm Labor................................................... (202) 690-3231 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov. Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e- mail subscription. To set-up this free subscription, visit www.nass.usda.gov and click on "National" or "State" in upper right corner above "search" box to create an account and select the reports you would like to receive. Cornell's Mann Library has launched a new website housing NASS's and other agency's archived reports. The new website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. All email subscriptions containing reports will be sent from the new website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. To continue receiving the reports via e-mail, you will have to go to the new website, create a new account and re-subscribe to the reports. If you need instructions to set up an account or subscribe, they are located at: https://usda.library.cornell.edu/help. You should whitelist notifications@usda-esmis.library.cornell.edu in your email client to avoid the emails going into spam/junk folders. For more information on NASS surveys and reports, call the NASS Agricultural Statistics Hotline at (800) 727-9540, 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET, or e-mail: nass@usda.gov. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or employment activities.) If you wish to file a Civil Rights program complaint of discrimination, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form (PDF), found online at www.ascr.usda.gov/filing-program-discrimination-complaint-usda-customer, or at any USDA office, or call (866) 632-9992 to request the form. You may also write a letter containing all of the information requested in the form. Send your completed complaint form or letter to us by mail at U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, by fax (202) 690-7442 or email at program.intake@usda.gov.