HDR1012000170050221971500FARM LABOR Farm Labor National Agricultural Statistics Service USDA Washington, D.C. Released February 21, 1997, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Farm Labor" call Eddie Oaks at (202) 690-3228, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. For assistance with general agricultural statistics, information about NASS, its products or services, contact the Agricultural Statistics Hotline at 1-800-727-9540 or E-mail: NASS@NASS.USDA.GOV. Hired Workers Up 7 Percent, Wages Up 4 Percent There were 766,000 hired workers on the Nation's farms and ranches during the week of January 12-18, 1997, up 7 percent from a year earlier. There were 635,000 workers hired directly by farm operators. Agricultural service employees on farms and ranches made up the remaining 131,000 workers. Migrant workers accounted for 9.5 percent of the January hired workforce compared to 5.7 percent last year. Farm operators paid their hired workers an average wage of $7.19 per hour during the January 1997 survey week, up 30 cents (4.0 percent) from a year earlier. Field workers received an average of $6.60 per hour, up 27 cents. Livestock workers earned $6.52 per hour compared with $6.20 a year earlier. During the survey week of January 12-18, 1997, cold air spread over the Nation in two stages, continuing harsh conditions across the North Central States and delivering late-week freeze damage to crops in portions of Florida. Despite a late-week warm-up, weekly temperatures averaged 10 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit below normal from the Rockies to the Appalachians. Farther west, rain returned to flood-stricken areas of California, but much more significant precipitation fell across the Northwest and Southwest. Widespread ice and snow accumulated from Texas and Louisiana into the Midwest. Rain dampened the East, while in the Great Lakes Region record-setting snow squalls continued. In Florida, warm weather and locally heavy rain preceded a late-week cold snap. Farm Labor: Employment and Wage Rates, United States, January 12-18, 1997, with Comparisons 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : January 7-13, : October 6-12, : January 12-18, Farm Employment : 1996 : 1996 : 1997 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 : Hired Workers : 598 935 635 Expected to be Employed : 150 Days or More : 496 625 537 149 Days or Less : 102 310 98 : Agricultural Services : Workers Working on Farms : 115 291 131 : Hired Farm & Service Workers : 713 1,226 766 : : : Percent : Migrant Workers Percent of : Hired Farm & Service Workers: *5.7 11.1 9.5 : : : Hours per Week : Hours Worked : Hired : 39.1 40.6 36.5 : : : Dollars per Hour : Wage Rates for : All Hired Workers 2/ 3/ : 6.89 6.97 7.19 : Type of Worker : Field & Livestock Combined : 6.28 6.58 6.57 Field : 6.33 6.58 6.60 Livestock : 6.20 6.57 6.52 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Excludes AK. 2/ Benefits, such as housing and meals, are provided some workers but the values are not included in the wage rates. 3/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. Hired Workers: Number and Hours Worked by Region and United States, January 12-18, 1997 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired :--------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. : : Expected to be Employed : and : Number :-------------------------------: Number Region 2/ : of : 150 Days : 149 Days : of hours : Workers : or More : or Less : Worked -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -------------- 1,000 ------------- Hours per Week : Northeast I : 29 25 4 38.6 Northeast II : 30 26 4 40.5 : Appalachian I : 23 19 4 34.3 Appalachian II : 24 20 4 29.6 : Southeast : 33 30 3 37.0 FL : 67 58 9 35.5 : Lake : 44 39 5 37.2 : Cornbelt I : 31 27 4 34.8 Cornbelt II : 24 20 4 37.8 : Delta : 26 22 4 33.1 : Northern Plains : 25 21 4 38.0 : Southern Plains : 47 38 9 38.5 : Mountain I : 11 10 1 43.9 Mountain II : 13 12 1 38.9 Mountain III : 15 13 2 42.6 : Pacific : 49 42 7 40.0 CA : 137 109 28 34.0 : HI : 7 6 1 35.5 : US 3/ : 635 537 98 36.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Excludes AK. Hired Workers: Wage Rates for Type of Workers and All Hired Workers by Region and United States, January 12-18, 1997 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of Worker : U.S. :--------------------------------------------: Wage Rates for and : : :Field & Lvstk :All Hired Workers Region 2/ : Field : Livestock : Combined : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : Northeast I : 7.78 6.28 6.82 7.45 Northeast II : 7.38 6.12 6.66 7.40 : Appalachian I : 6.24 6.91 6.46 6.85 Appalachian II : 5.87 6.27 6.08 6.80 : Southeast : 7.36 6.14 7.01 7.43 FL : 6.80 6.80 6.80 7.35 : Lake : 7.74 6.20 6.66 7.28 : Cornbelt I : 7.13 7.42 7.27 7.88 Cornbelt II : 7.35 6.32 6.74 7.22 : Delta : 6.26 6.16 6.21 6.82 : Northern Plains : 7.80 7.16 7.35 7.57 : Southern Plains : 5.56 5.97 5.81 6.11 : Mountain I : 6.19 6.59 6.48 6.91 Mountain II : 6.75 6.64 6.67 7.37 Mountain III : 5.82 5.90 5.84 6.36 : Pacific : 6.71 6.92 6.78 7.42 CA : 6.04 7.50 6.25 7.10 : HI : 8.85 3/ 8.87 10.32 : US 4/ : 6.60 6.52 6.57 7.19 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Insufficient data. 4/ Excludes AK. Hired Workers: Number and Hours Worked by Region and United States, October 6-12, 1996 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired :--------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. : : Expected to be Employed : and : Number :-------------------------------: Number Region 2/ : of : 150 Days : 149 Days : of Hours : Workers : or More : or Less : Worked -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -------------- 1,000 -------------- Hours per Week : Northeast I : 52 39 13 40.7 Northeast II : 38 28 10 40.1 : Appalachian I : 42 23 19 35.3 Appalachian II : 33 16 17 29.5 : Southeast : 36 28 8 34.6 FL : 45 40 5 37.0 : Lake : 67 40 27 37.7 : Cornbelt I : 50 32 18 36.9 Cornbelt II : 40 26 14 33.9 : Delta : 42 32 10 50.7 : Northern Plains : 47 31 16 47.3 : Southern Plains : 63 42 21 41.2 : Mountain I : 23 17 6 50.6 Mountain II : 23 18 5 45.0 Mountain III : 19 17 2 45.1 : Pacific : 101 51 50 44.0 CA : 206 138 68 40.9 : HI : 8 7 1 39.7 : US 3/ : 935 625 310 40.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Excludes AK. Hired Workers: Wage Rates for Type of Worker and All Hired Workers By Region and United States, October 6-12, 1996 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of Worker : U.S. :--------------------------------------------: Wage Rates for and : : :Field & Lvstk :All Hired Workers Region 2/ : Field : Livestock : Combined : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : Northeast I : 7.21 6.28 6.92 7.36 Northeast II : 6.91 5.57 6.58 7.10 : Appalachian I : 5.98 6.35 6.04 6.38 Appalachian II : 5.84 5.73 5.82 5.97 : Southeast : 6.54 5.71 6.45 6.82 FL : 6.31 6.65 6.35 7.35 : Lake : 7.56 6.47 7.13 7.41 : Cornbelt I : 6.48 7.19 6.58 7.02 Cornbelt II : 6.34 6.58 6.43 6.74 : Delta : 5.57 6.02 5.65 5.78 : Northern Plains : 7.02 6.46 6.93 7.22 : Southern Plains : 5.38 6.00 5.56 5.85 : Mountain I : 6.16 7.31 6.60 6.57 Mountain II : 6.11 6.95 6.34 6.98 Mountain III : 5.94 6.37 6.11 6.53 : Pacific : 7.29 7.28 7.29 7.58 CA : 6.67 7.25 6.74 7.22 : HI : 8.60 3/ 8.65 *9.75 : US 4/ : 6.58 6.57 6.58 6.97 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Insufficient data. 4/ Excludes AK. Hired Workers: Number and Hours Worked by Region and United States, January 7-13, 1996 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hired :--------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. : : Expected to be Employed : and : Number :-------------------------------: Number Region 2/ : of : 150 Days : 149 Days : of Hours : Workers : or More 3/ : or Less 3/ : Worked -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -------------- 1,000 -------------- Hours per Week : Northeast I : 28 24 4 40.3 Northeast II : 21 19 2 39.5 : Appalachian I : 23 20 3 39.5 Appalachian II : 16 9 7 30.4 : Southeast : 22 19 3 34.9 FL : 47 40 7 39.0 : Lake : 40 33 7 33.9 : Cornbelt I : 34 30 4 33.7 Cornbelt II : 26 20 6 32.5 : Delta : 21 18 3 33.8 : Northern Plains : 27 23 4 39.7 : Southern Plains : 47 40 7 41.1 : Mountain I : 21 20 1 39.8 Mountain II : 11 10 1 38.3 Mountain III : 18 14 4 44.3 : Pacific : 37 28 9 37.1 CA : 152 123 29 43.8 : HI : 7 6 1 36.5 : US 3/ : 598 496 102 39.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Excludes AK. Hired Workers: Wage Rates for Type of Worker and All Hired Workers By Region and United States, January 7-13, 1996 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Type of Worker : U.S. :--------------------------------------------: Wage Rates for and : : :Field & Lvstk :All Hired Workers Region 2/ : Field : Livestock : Combined : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : Northeast I : 7.53 5.63 6.30 7.12 Northeast II : 6.53 5.54 6.04 6.76 : Appalachian I : 5.97 6.20 6.13 6.51 Appalachian II : 5.41 5.93 5.62 5.94 : Southeast : 6.00 6.13 6.04 6.60 FL : 6.40 6.25 6.38 7.43 : Lake : 6.97 5.68 5.97 6.80 : Cornbelt I : 7.15 6.47 6.81 7.27 Cornbelt II : 5.89 6.23 6.10 6.33 : Delta : 6.04 5.92 5.97 6.43 : Northern Plains : 7.46 6.59 6.79 7.20 : Southern Plains : 5.31 5.89 5.59 6.17 : Mountain I : 6.75 6.31 6.42 6.61 Mountain II : 6.80 6.29 6.49 7.09 Mountain III : 5.42 5.90 5.57 6.43 : Pacific : 6.95 7.26 7.00 7.46 CA : 6.25 7.21 6.35 6.95 : HI : 8.34 3/ 8.34 9.63 : US 4/ : 6.33 6.20 6.28 6.89 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Region map on page 13. 3/ Insufficient data. 4/ Excludes AK. Field and Livestock Workers Combined: Wage Rates, by Type of Farm, by Region and 48 States 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : January 7-13, 1996 : January 12-18, 1997 :--------------------------------------------------------------- Region 2/ : Field : Other :L'stk &: All : Field : Other :L'stk &: All : Crops : Crops :Poultry: Farms : Crops : Crops :Poultry: Farms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : Northeast : 6.92 7.95 5.43 6.20 6.77 8.22 5.93 6.74 Appalachian : 5.37 6.14 6.22 5.94 4.35 4.14 4.70 4.45 Southeast : 6.23 5.46 5.53 5.60 5.74 6.38 5.47 6.22 Lake : 7.47 6.85 5.66 5.97 6.66 3/ 5.62 6.66 Cornbelt : 6.53 6.16 6.69 6.50 7.91 6.99 6.63 7.02 Delta : 6.34 4.81 5.84 5.97 6.30 6.92 5.97 6.21 Northern Plains : 7.49 6.28 6.47 6.79 3/ 6.49 7.09 7.35 Southern Plains : 5.59 5.13 5.77 5.59 5.85 5.87 5.77 5.81 Mountain : 5.63 5.89 6.47 6.06 6.52 5.98 6.32 6.30 Pacific : 6.78 6.32 7.17 6.46 7.06 6.12 6.80 6.29 48 States : 6.26 6.20 6.14 6.18 6.49 6.43 6.08 6.27 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All Hired Workers: Wage Rates, by Economic Class of Farm by Region and 48 States 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : January 7-13, 1996 : January 12-18, 1997 Region :---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2/ : Gross Value Sales-$1000's : All : Gross Value Sales-$1000's : All : <40 :40-99 :100-249 :250+ :Farms : <40 :40-99 :100-249 : 250+ :Farms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Dollars per Hour : N. East : 5.72 5.20 5.63 8.09 6.97 7.68 5.56 6.04 8.22 7.43 Appal. : 5.54 5.43 6.13 6.96 6.30 6.03 5.72 6.39 7.33 6.84 S. East : 4.78 5.66 5.32 6.10 5.89 5.70 5.42 5.58 6.66 6.50 Lake : 3/ 5.53 6.54 7.21 6.80 3/ 4.59 6.19 6.80 7.28 Cornbelt : 6.13 4.91 6.79 7.28 6.86 7.19 6.06 7.02 7.90 7.56 Delta : 5.59 6.28 6.19 6.75 6.43 5.68 5.90 5.80 7.45 6.82 N. Plains: 3/ 3/ 5.79 7.62 7.20 7.38 7.35 3/ 8.01 7.57 S. Plains: 6.98 5.37 5.94 6.21 6.17 6.21 5.66 5.72 6.29 6.11 Mountain : 5.03 6.01 6.55 6.85 6.63 7.26 7.84 6.73 6.91 6.92 Pacific : 6.49 7.28 6.55 7.09 7.04 6.86 6.47 7.69 7.49 7.15 48 States: 5.81 5.80 6.24 6.99 6.86 6.97 5.97 6.00 7.26 6.97 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. 2/ Regions consist of the following States. Northeast: CT, DE, MD, ME, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT. Appalachian: KY, NC, TN, VA, WV. Southeast: AL, FL, GA, SC. Lake: MI, MN, WI. Cornbelt: IA, IL, IN, MO, OH. Delta: AR, LA, MS. Northern Plains: KS, NE, ND, SD. Southern Plains: OK, TX. Mountain: AZ, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, UT, WY. Pacific: CA, OR, WA. 48 States: All States, excluding AK and HI. 3/ Insufficent data. Field and Livestock Workers: Distribution by Type of Farm, 48 States 1/ 2/ 3/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Type of : January 7-13, : October 6-12, : January 12-18, Farm : 1996 : 1996 : 1997 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Field and Livestock Workers : Field Crops : 19 27 12 Other Crops : 46 48 58 Livestock, Dairy, : & Poultry : 35 25 30 : 100.0 100.0 100.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hired Workers: Distribution by Economic Class of Farm, 48 States 1/ 3/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gross Value : January 7-13, : October 6-12, : January 12-18, of Sales : 1996 : 1996 : 1997 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Hired Workers : Less than $40,000 : 9 13 12 $40,000-$99,999 : 8 9 6 $100,000-$249,999 : 16 17 17 $250,000 and over : 67 61 65 : 100.0 100.0 100.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hired Workers: Distribution by Category, United States, 1/ 3/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : January 7-13, : October 6-12, : January 12-18, : 1996 : 1996 : 1997 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Hired Workers Employed on Farms Hiring : 1 Worker : 14 10 13 2 Workers : 11 10 10 3-6 Workers : 24 21 19 7-10 Workers : 9 10 9 At least 11 Workers : 42 49 49 : 100.0 100.0 100.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ 48 States, excluding AK and HI. 2/ Field and Livestock Workers combined. 3/ Excludes Agricultural Service Workers. Agricultural Services Crew leaders and custom crews provided 131,000 workers for the Nation's farms and ranches during the week of January 12-18, 1997. Service workers in California numbered 50,000 compared with 51,000 during the January 1996 survey week. Florida's number of service workers was 15,800, compared to 15,000 last year. The average wages received by agricultural service workers in California and Florida were $8.03 and $8.05 per hour, respectively. Comparable wages in January 1996 were $6.39 in California and $8.35 in Florida. Agricultural Service Workers: Number, Hours Worked, and Wage Rates, for California, Florida, and United States 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Number of Workers : Hours : Wage : Working on Farms : Worked 2/ : Rates 2/ 3/ State:------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Jan : Oct : Jan : Jan : Oct : Jan : Jan : Oct : Jan : 1996 : 1996 : 1997 : 1996 : 1996 : 1997 : 1996 : 1996 : 1997 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -------- 1,000 ------- ------- Hours ------ Dollars per Hour : CA : 51.0 88.0 50.0 39.1 36.3 37.6 6.39 6.63 7.10 FL : 15.0 7.0 15.8 33.0 *24.0 37.0 8.35 *7.30 8.05 : US : 115.0 291.0 131.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Data are for Agricultural Services performed on the farm by custom service units such as crew leaders or custom crews. These statistics are not included in the State-Regional tables. 2/ United States data not available. 3/ Benefits, such as housing and meals, are provided some workers but the values are not included in the wage rates. Migrant Workers: Percent of all Hired Workers, United States, By Quarter (Includes Agricultural Service Workers), 1995-97 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year : Jan : Apr : Jul : Oct -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent : 1995 2/ : N/A N/A 12.4 11.6 1996 : *5.7 7.5 13.1 11.1 1997 : 9.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Revised. 1/ Definition "Migrant Worker" is a farm worker whose employment required travel that prevented the farm worker from returning to his/her permanent place of residence the same day. 2/ Data first collected during July 1995 survey. Farm Labor Regions Region States Northeast I CT, ME, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT. Northeast II DE, MD, NJ, PA. Appalachian I NC, VA. Appalachian II KY, TN, WV. Southeast AL, GA, SC. Lake MI, MN, WI. Cornbelt I IL, IN, OH. Cornbelt II IA, MO. Delta AR, LA, MS. Northern Plains KS, NE, ND, SD. Southern Plains OK, TX. Mountain I ID, MT, WY. Mountain II CO, NV, UT. Mountain III AZ, NM. Pacific OR, WA. Reliability of Farm Labor Estimates Survey Procedures: These data were collected by the National Agricultural Statistics Service during the last two weeks of January using sampling procedures to ensure every employer of agricultural workers had a chance of being selected. Two samples of farm operators are selected. First, NASS maintains a list of farms that hire farm workers. Farms on this list are classified by size and type. Those expected to employee large numbers of workers are selected with greater frequency than those hiring few or no workers. A second sample consists of segments of land scientifically selected from aerial photography. Each June, highly trained interviewers locate each selected land segment and identify every farm operating land within the sample segment's boundaries. The names of farms found in these area segments are matched against the list of farms; those not found on the list are included in the labor survey sample to represent all farms not on the NASS list. This methodology is known as multiple frame sampling, with an area sample used to measure the incompleteness of the list. Additionally, a list of agricultural service firms was sampled in California and Florida. The survey reference week was January 12-18, 1997. The survey in California was jointly conducted with the California Employment Development Division beginning January 1997. Reliability: Two types of errors, sampling and nonsampling, are possible in an estimate based on a sample survey. Both types affect the "precision" of the estimates. Sampling error occurs because a complete census is not taken. The sampling error measures the variation in estimates from the average of all possible samples. An estimate of 100 with a sampling error of 1 would mean that chances are 19 out of 20 that the estimates from all possible samples averaged together would be between 98 and 102; which is the survey estimate, plus or minus two times the sampling error. The sampling error expressed as a percent of the estimate is called the relative sampling error. The relative sampling error for number of all hired workers at the U.S. level was 5.5 percent. The relative sampling error for number of hired workers generally ranged between 7 and 22 percent at the regional level. The U.S. all hired farm worker wage rate had a relative sampling error of 2.2 percent. The relative sampling error was 3.0 percent for the combined field and livestock worker wage rate. Relative sampling errors for the all hired farm worker wage rate generally ranged between 2 and 8 percent at the regional levels. Relative sampling errors for wage rates published by type of farm and economic class of farm ranged between 2 and 10 percent at the regional level. Nonsampling errors can occur in complete censuses as well as in sample surveys. They are caused by the inability to obtain correct information from each operation sampled, differences in interpreting questions or definitions, and mistakes in coding or processing the data. Special efforts are taken at each step of the survey to minimize nonsampling errors. Revision Policy: Farm labor information is subject to revision the next time the information is published or the year after the original publication date. The basis for revision must be supported by additional data that directly affect the level of the estimate. Worker numbers and wage rates for October 1996 and January 1996 were subject to revision with this report. Revisions are in this report. The May 16th report will have information for the survey week of April 6-12, 1997. The report will include the number of All Hired Workers, Average Hours Worked by Hired Workers and the All Hired Worker Wage Rates at regional and U.S. levels. The wage rate for field and livestock workers will be available for the regional and U.S. level. Wage rates by type of farm and economic class of farm will also be available at the regional and U.S. level. The number of Agricultural Service Workers and the corresponding wage rates will be published for Florida and California. Index Page U.S. Hired Workers on Farms, Wage Rates and Hours Worked ............. 3 Number of Workers and Average Hours Worked by Region and U.S. January 1997 ....................................................... 4 October 1996 ....................................................... 6 January 1996 ....................................................... 8 Wage Rates by Region and U.S. January 1997 ....................................................... 5 October 1996 ....................................................... 7 January 1996 ....................................................... 9 Agricultural Services: Workers, Average Hours Worked, and Wages January 1997 ....................................................... 12 October 1996 ....................................................... 12 January 1996 ....................................................... 12 Other Labor Estimates U.S. Distribution of Workers ....................................... 11 Wage Rates by Type of Farm, by Region, State, 48 States ............ 10 Wage Rates by Economic Class of Farm, by Region, State, 48 States... 10 Migrant Workers .................................................... 12 Farm Labor Region Map ................................................ 13 Reliability of Farm Labor Estimates .................................. 14 Revision Policy ...................................................... 14 The next "Farm Labor" report will be released at 3:00 p.m. ET on May 16, 1997. 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