Irrigation Organizations ISSN: 2692-0905 Released December 17, 2020, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Irrigation organizations totaled 2,677 in 2019 In 2019, there were 2,677 organizations directly involved in the management of local water supplies - both groundwater and surface water - for irrigation on farms and ranches. The two primary functions of organizations are irrigation water delivery and groundwater management. This consisted of 2,543 organizations involved with delivering water directly to farms while 735 organizations were involved with regulating or otherwise influencing groundwater used by farmers for irrigation. Nationally, organizations delivering off-farm water served, on average, 95 farms covering 7,020 irrigated acres. Organizations involved with groundwater management serviced, on average, 108 farms covering 30,177 irrigated acres and 416 irrigation wells. Water delivery organizations received 70,088,848 acre-feet of water in 2019. The organizations delivered and/or released 67,315,436 acre-feet of water in 2019. Producers received the majority, with 41,449,038 acre-feet going to farms and ranches. Table of Contents Irrigation Organizations by Function - Region and United States: 2019................................ 3 Water Delivery Organizations by Type - Region and United States: 2019................................ 4 Groundwater Organizations - Region and United States: 2019........................................... 4 Water Supply for Delivery Organizations by Source - Region and United States: 2019................... 5 Quantity of Water Delivered and Released by Delivery Organizations - Region and United States: 2019.. 5 Irrigation Organizations Regions..................................................................... 6 Irrigation Organizations Definitions................................................................. 7 Survey and Statistical Methodology................................................................... 9 Information Contacts................................................................................. 12 Irrigation Organizations by Function - Region and United States: 2019 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Primary functions2/ : :--------------------------------------- : Number : Irrigation : Groundwater : : water : management Geographic area1/ : : delivery : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eastern Rockies ....: 898 883 175 High Plains ........: 177 96 85 Northwestern .......: 424 413 71 Pacific ............: 245 234 158 Southeastern .......: 13 8 12 Southwestern .......: 920 909 234 : United States ......: 2,677 2,543 735 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Secondary functions2/ :----------------------------------------------------------- : Municipal or : Electricity : Recreation or : residential : generation : wildlife Geographic area1/ : water : : management -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eastern Rockies ....: 101 18 61 High Plains ........: 31 4 25 Northwestern .......: 58 25 15 Pacific ............: 46 17 15 Southeastern .......: 1 - 3 Southwestern .......: 127 23 49 : United States ......: 364 87 168 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Secondary functions2/ :----------------------------------------------------------- : Agricultural : Flood retention - : :drainage management: main river : Other Geographic area1/ : : channel : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eastern Rockies ....: 90 26 67 High Plains ........: 16 13 20 Northwestern .......: 38 18 50 Pacific ............: 35 24 60 Southeastern .......: 8 1 5 Southwestern .......: 104 42 73 : United States ......: 291 124 275 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. 1/ See appendix for more information on region definitions. 2/ Organizations can have more than one primary and secondary function. Water Delivery Organizations by Type - Region and United States: 2019 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Organizations : Unincorporated mutuals :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Number1/ :Average farms :Average acres : Number1/ :Average farms :Average acres Geographic area : : serviced : irrigated : : serviced : irrigated -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eastern Rockies ....: 883 79 5,000 99 (D) 777 High Plains ........: 96 103 11,544 - - - Northwestern .......: 413 124 11,420 31 (D) 1,587 Pacific ............: 234 188 20,095 - - - Southeastern .......: 8 36 6,694 - - - Southwestern .......: 909 73 3,141 215 23 440 : United States ......: 2,543 95 7,020 345 20 640 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Incorporated mutuals : Irrigation districts :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Number1/ :Average farms :Average acres : Number1/ :Average farms :Average acres Geographic area : : serviced : irrigated : : serviced : irrigated -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eastern Rockies ....: 554 30 2,682 178 195 12,242 High Plains ........: 8 (D) (D) 83 111 11,952 Northwestern .......: 179 80 8,388 178 (D) 15,076 Pacific ............: 18 (D) (D) 177 233 24,104 Southeastern .......: 1 (D) (D) 7 (D) (D) Southwestern .......: 395 69 2,159 240 114 (D) : United States ......: 1,155 51 3,422 863 168 13,315 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs organizations : Other :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Number1/ :Average farms :Average acres : Number1/ :Average farms :Average acres Geographic area : : serviced : irrigated : : serviced : irrigated -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eastern Rockies ....: 15 (D) 22,265 37 (D) 9,161 High Plains ........: 2 (D) (D) 3 (D) (D) Northwestern .......: 2 (D) (D) 23 122 (D) Pacific ............: 6 (D) (D) 33 (D) 7,774 Southeastern .......: - - - - - - Southwestern .......: 14 342 36,207 45 42 (D) : United States ......: 39 357 30,552 141 121 7,060 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. 1/ Represents the total number of organizations in business, which may include organizations that delivered no water in 2019. Groundwater Organizations - Region and United States: 2019 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : : : : Number of : : :Average acres :Average number:Average number:organizations : Number :Average farms :irrigated with: of active : of capped or :involved with : : serviced1/ : local : wells : deactivated : groundwater Geographic area : : : groundwater : : wells : recharge -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eastern Rockies ....: 175 31 5,805 52 7 22 High Plains ........: 85 514 166,069 2,118 417 6 Northwestern .......: 71 46 16,813 113 4 14 Pacific ............: 158 174 22,133 483 7 57 Southeastern .......: 12 510 (D) 1,728 30 1 Southwestern .......: 234 9 (D) 49 (Z) 4 : United States ......: 735 108 30,177 416 52 104 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. (Z) Less than half of the unit shown. 1/ Average excludes organizations that only reported accounts. Water Supply for Delivery Organizations by Source - Region and United States: 2019 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Total water : Irrigation organization or project sources : : entering :-----------------------------------------------------: Municipal or : delivery : Federal : State : Private or : industrial Geographic area : system : : : local : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet : Eastern Rockies ....: 16,881,053 4,911,393 2,642,091 1,340,677 79,463 High Plains ........: 4,968,403 1,592,028 26,519 38,017 (D) Northwestern .......: 18,675,939 9,949,023 2,184,193 1,800,420 (D) Pacific ............: 18,595,651 9,228,163 1,328,403 3,147,025 255,108 Southeastern .......: 297,040 - 164,406 - - Southwestern .......: 10,670,762 2,919,268 392,463 679,243 148,247 : United States ......: 70,088,848 28,599,875 6,738,075 7,005,382 521,888 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Direct diversion sources : Other :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : supplier : Streams, lakes, : Other : Drainage : Pumped Geographic area : : and ponds : reservoirs : water : groundwater -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet : Eastern Rockies ....: 465,698 7,038,559 397,533 (D) (D) High Plains ........: - (D) (D) (D) - Northwestern .......: (D) 3,006,011 (D) (D) (D) Pacific ............: 817,009 3,541,727 (D) (D) 257,888 Southeastern .......: (D) (D) - (D) - Southwestern .......: 246,650 5,014,886 589,736 89,814 590,455 : United States ......: 1,598,759 21,864,893 2,300,913 296,432 1,162,631 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. Quantity of Water Delivered and Released by Delivery Organizations - Region and United States: 2019 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Deliveries to water users : Total :----------------------------------------------------------- : : Farms and : Residential : Other : Industrial, : : ranches : or domestic : irrigation : parks, and Geographic area : : : users :organizations :other clients ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet : Eastern Rockies ....: 15,687,967 8,719,418 487,353 1,011,184 803,671 High Plains ........: 4,786,903 1,195,063 (D) (D) (D) Northwestern .......: 18,103,677 10,805,873 848,972 347,059 57,007 Pacific ............: 18,270,367 13,180,091 553,425 58,628 501,516 Southeastern .......: 297,072 260,781 - (D) (D) Southwestern .......: 10,169,450 7,287,812 (D) (D) 156,626 : United States ......: 67,315,436 41,449,038 2,275,508 1,498,380 1,524,947 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Other releases and uses : :-----------------------------------------------------------: Conveyance : Released :Environmental : Diverted for : Other : losses : for down- : requirements : groundwater : releases : Geographic area : stream use : : recharge : : ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet Acre-feet : Eastern Rockies ....: 795,633 353,994 82,525 849,198 2,584,991 High Plains ........: (D) - (D) 2,821,328 (D) Northwestern .......: 1,395,208 146,597 115,910 750,274 3,636,777 Pacific ............: 109,452 318,493 975,460 121,690 2,451,612 Southeastern .......: (D) - - (D) (D) Southwestern .......: 742,872 137,795 (D) (D) 1,390,290 : United States ......: 3,107,160 956,879 1,184,972 4,596,633 10,721,919 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. (D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. Irrigation Organizations Regions Eastern Rockies Colorado, Montana, Wyoming High Plains Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas Northwestern Idaho, Oregon, Washington Pacific California, Nevada Southeastern Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina Southwestern Arizona, New Mexico, Utah Irrigation Organizations Definitions The following terms and definitions provide detailed descriptions for specific words and phrases used in this publication and within publication tables. Agricultural drainage management: Organization maintains and controls infrastructure such as drains and canals that drain excess water from agricultural land. Average acres irrigated: The number of irrigated acres of farmland identified and reported by organizations. An average is used since farms can be associated with multiple organizations. When reported under water delivery, it represents the number of irrigated acres supplied water on average by an organization in 2019. When reported under groundwater management, it represents the number of acres irrigated by farmers using wells in 2019 that were subject to groundwater management (see Groundwater management) by an organization. Average farms serviced: The number of irrigated farms identified and reported by organizations. An average is used since farms can be associated with multiple organizations. When reported under water delivery, it represents the number of farms supplied water on average by an organization in 2019. When reported under groundwater management, it represents the number of farms using irrigation wells in 2019 that were subject to groundwater management (see Groundwater management) by an organization. Conveyance facilities: Any form of infrastructure designed to help move water from one location to another. System components include diversion ponds, conveyance canals and/or pipes, pumping stations, water-flow regulating structures, flow measuring devices, and turnouts. Conveyance losses: Water that leaves the conveyance facilities of the organization before reaching the intended client or destination due to water conveyance. Causes of water loss include water percolating into the ground through unlined canals and leaks, non-crop (phreatophyte) consumption, and surface evaporation. Does not include water lost due to floods or overflow. While some forms of conveyance losses can recharge groundwater aquifers, they only count as conveyance losses and not as managed groundwater recharge. Diverted for groundwater recharge: Act of recharging groundwater intentionally using recharge basins, injection wells, off-season flooding of fields, and/or other methods where the water is planned to return to the aquifer. Water lost during conveyance is not counted as managed groundwater recharge. Eastern Rockies: Region that includes the states of Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming. Electricity generation: An organization that creates and generally provides electricity in addition to water. Power generation is usually hydroelectric but can include other forms of generation. Environmental requirements: Water released for environmental purposes, such as for maintaining water levels of rivers, lakes, and wetlands for habitats and recreational purposes. Flood retention - main river channel: Organization maintains and controls infrastructure located in-river, such as dams, that allows control over the downstream flow of the river. Infrastructure generally used to reduce downstream flows during high flow events. Geographic area: Includes only 24 U.S. states where a majority of irrigation occurs. The six regions consist of states based on location, similarities in institutions and hydrologic conditions, grouping for data presentation, and accounting for organizations that operated in multiple states. The six areas are Eastern Rockies, High Plains, Northwestern, Pacific, Southeastern, and Southwestern. Groundwater management: Roles and/or functions an organization has, generally with legal authority, including but not limited to: monitoring and reporting groundwater conditions, collecting groundwater pumping data, charging fees for pumping groundwater or for groundwater pumping rights, permitting development of new wells, managing groundwater recharge, and managing groundwater quality. High Plains: Region that includes the states of Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Texas. Incorporated mutual: A legal entity owned by shareholders who use a water conveyance system. This is a legally constituted corporation owned by the users and generally supplying water at a cost. Irrigation district: A public corporation or special-purpose governmental unit, which can make use of taxing powers with statutory authority to assess taxes and/or fees for water delivery. Irrigation organization: An organization that is involved with delivering water directly to irrigated farms and/or manages groundwater used by farmers for irrigation. Municipal or residential water: An organization involved with residential or city water. Activities include delivering drinkable sources of water (sometimes referred to as potable or culinary), sewer management, and water treatment. Northwestern: Region that includes the states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Number of organizations involved with groundwater recharge: Groundwater organizations intentionally diverting water for groundwater recharge (see Diverted for groundwater recharge). Other releases: Water released for any other reason, including but not limited to: unused excess water returned to source, overflow due to flooding, and breaches where infrastructure failed to hold water. Pacific: Region that includes the states of California and Nevada. Recreation or wildlife management: Organizations that have facilities located within a park or open space and therefore are assigned a regulatory role. Reservoirs within parks often double as tourist attractions with activities such as fishing and canoeing. Released for down-stream use: Water released from conveyance facilities intended for diversion downstream and used later by another agency or individual not directly connected to the irrigation organization's facilities. Water released down-stream without users identified was recorded in 'Other releases'. Residential or domestic users: Water delivered to non-farm homes. Water can be either potable or not. Southeastern: Region that includes the states of Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Southwestern: Region that includes the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Unincorporated mutual: An informal partnership among ditch users. This is typically a partnership or informal group of two or more farmers who operate irrigation supply works for their own needs. Many operate with no official formal organization. U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs organizations: Irrigation projects and systems operated by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (USBIA), which primarily serve farms on American Indian reservations. Water delivery: Water sent via conveyance facilities (see Conveyance facilities) directly to a client. Water is considered directly delivered if the client withdraws the water from the conveyance infrastructure (canals) or if the water ends up in, on, or adjacent to the client's operation outside of the conveyance infrastructure intentionally. Water that leaves the conveyance infrastructure and enters into another irrigation organization's infrastructure, which in turn will be delivered to a farm, does not count as if it was delivered directly to a farm. Survey and Statistical Methodology Scope and Purpose: This work was conducted by the USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and Economic Research Service (ERS), in collaboration with the Office of the Chief Economist (OCE). It provides a greater understanding of local irrigation organizations, their operations, and their impact on drought resilience. Increasing demands on the Nation's limited water resources has heightened the need for information on local management decisions and infrastructure systems that can help guide agricultural drought responses. Limited data on how water-supply entities respond to water scarcity hinders local water management decisions. NASS and ERS developed a national survey to provide the first updated dataset of local water-supply management entities since the Census Bureau conducted the 1978 Census of Irrigation Organizations. Over the last several decades, many aspects of local water management institutions have changed, including the number and size of irrigation organizations, the pricing structures used for cost recovery, the increasing demand for new types of water quantity data, and the expanding emphasis on groundwater management. This report provides a nationally representative assessment of irrigation water-delivery entities and groundwater management districts serving the U.S. agricultural irrigated sector. This dataset includes information on organization structure, irrigation coverage, and water use by source. While the survey complements the Irrigation and Water Management Survey, both surveys finished during different calendar years on different populations. The purpose of this section is to describe the survey methodology utilized to produce the final estimates in this publication. Survey Timeline: Data collection began in February 2020 and concluded in June 2020 with analysis and review completed by publication on December 17, 2020. Sampling: The target population consists of organizations that deliver water to farms and ranches or manage (or otherwise directly influence) on-farm groundwater usage. While irrigation occurs in every state, this report focuses on the 24 states where irrigation organizations are most common. The population of interest for this survey includes ditch companies, irrigation districts, groundwater management districts, and other organizations in the surveyed states. Omitted from the population are organizations that deliver water only to households or other non-farm and non-ranch customers as well as 'pass through' organizations that deliver water to irrigation organizations but do not directly deliver water to farms and ranches. The Bureau of Indian Affairs irrigation projects and systems are included in the population. All 5,246 in-scope operations in the 24 surveyed states were included in the sample. Response Rate: The proportion of the sample that completed the survey, excluding those organizations that did not have the item of interest or were out of business at the time of data collection. The response rate for the survey is 44 percent. This calculation follows Guideline 3.2.2 of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Standards and Guidelines for Statistical Surveys (September 2006). Stratification: The sample contains two types of organizations: groundwater management and non-groundwater management organizations. Groundwater organizations were assigned to one group while non-groundwater organizations were distributed into three groups based on their size. All highly impactful organizations from both types of organizations were assigned to a unique group. Descriptions of the strata distributions are as follows: A.?Organizations that directly influence groundwater B.?Large-scale organizations that do not directly influence groundwater C.?Medium-scale organizations that do not directly influence groundwater D.?Small-scale organizations that do not directly influence groundwater E.?Highly impactful organizations Data Collection: The paper questionnaire version was the primary questionnaire while the web and telephone-interviewing instruments were built modeling the paper instrument. NASS and ERS developed the questionnaire, with input from various project stakeholders. NASS evaluated the questionnaire's content and format through a specifications process, where requests for changes were evaluated and either approved or disapproved during questionnaire development. All federal data collections required approval by the OMB. NASS was required to document the public need for the data, show the design applied sound statistical practice, ensure the data did not already exist elsewhere, and guarantee that the public was not excessively burdened. The questionnaire displayed a statement of purpose about the usefulness of the collected data as well as an active OMB number that provided NASS the authority to conduct the survey. The questionnaire included a statement covering the response burden with an estimate of the amount of time required to complete the form as well as a confidentiality statement ensuring protection of the respondent's information. Respondents received the questionnaire, along with a cover letter and instructions for web reporting by mail in mid-February 2020. Data collection utilized mail, web, and telephone interview modes for the survey. Respondents who did not return their survey by the end of March 2020 were sent a follow- up mailing, which consisted of another questionnaire. Respondents who did not return their survey received an autodial message encouraging them to report online. As a final effort, a pressure-sealed postcard was sent in June 2020 to serve as a reminder to respondents to complete their survey, with an emphasis on online response to improve response rates. Data collection concluded in June 2020. RFO and HQ staff made additional efforts to account for all highly impactful records. In the event a highly impactful organization did not respond, staff conducted extensive research to estimate the record. All highly impactful records were accounted for and therefore not eligible for non-response weighting adjustments. Survey Edit: During data collection, staff members reviewed and edited items for consistency and reasonableness alongside an automated system. The edit, following the survey's classifications and rules, assessed each record's status as either "In business", "Out of business", "No item of interest", or as a "Non-respondent". Relationships between data items within records on the survey were checked and verified. Statisticians reviewed records that did not pass the automated edit logic. During review, questionable items were either verified or updated if found to be incorrect. Total Survey Error: There are two main types of estimation error that affect all estimates obtained from almost any survey. The first type of error, referred to as non-observation error, occurs in any estimate generated from a survey in which nonresponse occurs or where data are not potentially obtainable from every unit in the target population. Statistical weighting (see Weighting Methodology below) is used to reduce the effects of this type of error. The second type of error, referred to as non-sampling errors, includes all other errors that can arise from many different sources. These sources may include respondent error, enumerator error, or incorrect data keying, editing, or imputing for missing data. Non-sampling error due to mail list incompleteness and duplication, as well as misclassification of records on the mail list, is referred to as coverage error. Weighting Methodology: Not every contacted irrigation organization provided the requested data. Non-respondents were accounted for by increasing the survey weights of the respondents inversely to the proportion of non- respondents within the same strata. Record-level list frame control data of irrigation organizations were used to define weighting cells where organizations of similar delivery type (i.e. surface vs. ground water) and size were grouped. The counts of survey respondents and non-respondents were used to compute the adjustment factor for each cell. The methodology assumed nonresponse was random within the weighting cell. For example, if a weighting cell has 100 organizations of which 80 responded and 20 did not, every respondent would have its original weight of 1 increased to 1.25 (100/80) to represent the organizations not responding. Reliability: The accuracy of data products may be evaluated through sampling and non-sampling error. The measurement of error due to sampling is evaluated by the coefficient of variation (CV) for each estimated item. Non-sampling error is evaluated by response rates and the percent of the estimate from respondents. The coefficient of variation is a measure of the relative amount of error associated with a sample estimate. Specifically, it is the standard error of a point estimate divided by that estimate, generally multiplied times 100 for reporting as a percentage. This relative measure allows the comparison of reliability for a range of estimates. For example, the standard error is often larger for large population estimates than for small population estimates, but the large population estimates may have a smaller CV, indicating a more reliable estimate. CVs for estimates are available from NASS Quick Stats. Every estimate in this report has a corresponding CV published with it. NASS has identified the following index to use when evaluating the coefficient of variation. Low Reliability Estimate. Coefficient of variation (CV) 30 percent or higher. Caution should be used when using this estimate in any form. Please consult NASS for more information or guidance. Medium Reliability Estimate. Coefficient of variation (CV) between 15 percent and 29.9 percent High Reliability Estimate. Coefficient of variation (CV) less than 15 percent. Estimation Procedures: State data were summarized and aggregated by regions for consistency and reasonableness. Data were reviewed utilizing interactive analysis tools, which displayed data for all reports by questionnaire items. The tools provided a variety of plots, tables, and special tabulations that allowed analysts to compare an individual record to other similar records within the same regions and states. The tools allowed staff to locate unusual data relationships and outliers during the review process and allowed staff to verify all relationships were compliant during the estimation phase. Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity statisticians in the Environmental, Economics and Demographics Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. Email inquiries may be sent to nass@usda.gov. Scott Shimmin, Chief (Acting), Environmental, Economics and Demographics Branch (202) 720-0684 Andrew Brosier - Census of Agriculture (202) 690-3556 William Cumberland - Irrigation and Water Management, Irrigation Organizations (202) 690-1348 Fred Granja - Census of Agriculture, Census of Puerto Rico and Outlying Areas (202) 690-3233 Joe Hagedorn - Census of Agriculture, American Indians (202) 690-2284 Virginia Harris - Census of Agriculture and Demographics and Organics (502) 582-5257 Janetty Mosley - Census of Agriculture, Census of Horticulture (202) 690-3226 Shirley Samson - Census of Agriculture, Farmer Market Managers and Local Foods (202) 690-4752 Irvin Yeager - Census of Agriculture, Census of Puerto Rico and Outlying Areas (202) 720-5581 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e- mail subscription. 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