United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Chemical Usage Postharvest Applications - Oats and Soybeans March 2000 National Agricultural Statistics Service Ag Ch 1(00) Postharvest Chemical Use Estimates for Oats and Soybeans Overview: The agricultural chemical use estimates in this report are based on data compiled from the Postharvest Chemical Use Surveys. Separate surveys were conducted for oats and soybeans in the summer of 1999 covering the 1998 crop. All results refer to pesticide applications made at off-farm grain storage facilities after the crops were harvested. On-farm postharvest applications were beyond the scope of this survey. The time frames for these applications were July 1, 1998 to June 30, 1999 for oats and September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999 for soybeans, which correspond to the marketing year. The table below shows survey coverage for the 1998 marketing year. The table includes statistics on the number of States surveyed, the number of reports summarized, and the percent of the U.S. production accounted for by the surveyed States. The following U.S. map shows the number of summarized reports by State in the 1999 survey. Agricultural Chemical Use Survey Coverage, 1998 Marketing Year ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States : Reports : U.S. Production Crop : Surveyed : Summarized : Included in Surveyed : : : States ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --- Number --- Percent : Oats : 12 1,398 79 Soybeans : 9 1,738 79 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- After harvest, oats are generally marketed through local and/or terminal elevators, except that which is used on farm. A large portion of the oat crop is used in livestock feed. This grain may be pulled out of the marketing channel at any point. Processors are also recipients of the grain at any point along the marketing channel. After harvest, soybeans are initially marketed through local or terminal elevators, but essentially none are used on farms. Virtually all of the soybean crop is either exported as whole beans or crushed for oil or meal. Those products are then used as ingredients in human food or livestock feed. Therefore, processors normally become recipients of the crop in the early stages of the marketing channel. The diagram below demonstrates the postharvest marketing channel for oats and soybeans. Oats and soybeans moving from a local elevator to a terminal elevator will be duplicated in the total amount handled. The intent of the survey was to obtain the entire amount of chemicals applied to the oats or soybeans, so this duplication in quantity handled is necessary. No provision was made for cross-State movement. The State or region of origin of the oats or soybeans was not part of the survey, so all of the oats or soybeans handled in a survey State were included in this survey. For both oats and soybeans, totals for the States surveyed and individual State totals are published for the percent of grain treated, number of applications, rate per application, rate per marketing year, and the total amount of active ingredient that was applied. A table detailing total pesticide usage by class for the surveyed States is also included. Grain storage operators were also asked a series of questions concerning their pest management practices. These questions are summarized and included in the report. A copy of the survey instrument, or questionnaire, that was used to collect the data is also included. Highlights Oats: Grain storage operators in twelve major oat producing States were surveyed following the 1998 marketing year. These States accounted for 79 percent of the total U.S. oat production. The postharvest chemicals most commonly used on oats in the surveyed States were aluminum phosphide and malathion based on percent of grain treated. Although aluminum phosphide is commonly referred to as a fumigant, and is used to kill insects, insect larvae, and mites, it is classified as an insecticide by the EPA. Malathion is also an insecticide. Some grain storage facilities reported applying thiram and tebuconazole, as seed treatments to oats. Operations in the following States applied the listed chemicals to oats after harvest. However, there were an insufficient number of reports to publish State level usage data. Iowa: Aluminum phosphide, malathion, silicon dioxide Michigan: Tebuconazole, thiram North Dakota: Aluminum phosphide, malathion Ohio: Malathion, bicycloheptene, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins Oregon: Chlorpyrifos-methyl, lindane, tebuconazole, thiram Texas: Aluminum phosphide, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, silicon dioxide. Illinois reported no chemicals used on oats following harvest. Soybeans: Grain storage operators in nine major soybean producing States were surveyed following the 1998 marketing year. These States accounted for 79 percent of the total U.S. soybean production. The postharvest chemicals most commonly used on soybeans in the surveyed States were aluminum phosphide, carboxin and thiram based on percent of grain treated. Although aluminum phosphide is commonly referred to as a fumigant, and is used to kill insects, insect larvae, and mites, it is classified as an insecticide by the EPA. Some grain storage facilities reported applying metalaxyl, as a seed treatment to soybeans. Operations in the following states applied the listed chemicals to soybeans after harvest. However, there were an insufficient number of reports to publish State level usage data. Illinois: metalaxyl Minnesota: metalaxyl Missouri: carboxin and thiram Nebraska: aluminum phosphide. Indiana, Iowa and Ohio reported no postharvest chemicals used on soybeans. Pest Management Practices: It was discovered during pre-survey research that pest management practices varied considerably, depending on the time of year. Therefore, seasonal data were collected on this survey and are published separately as "Spring and Summer" and "Fall and Winter". The percentages shown in this report pertain to all grains handled by the facilities sampled, not just oats or soybeans. Oats: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, States Surveyed and Total, 1998 Marketing Year ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :---------------------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide : Other Chemical ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Mil. bu. Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Lbs Lbs Lbs : IL : 1.7 IA 1/ : 11.9 .46 KS 1/ : 2.0 2.35 MI : 18.9 * * MN : 62.2 5.84 0.7 ND : 6.9 * * OH : 10.3 * * OR : 1.9 * * * * PA 1/ : 4.1 .97 SD : 7.4 3.32 0.1 TX : 32.4 1.71 0.1 WI : 19.0 9.59 0.2 * * : Tot. : 178.7 3.74 1.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data for this pesticide class. 1/ Amount applied less than 50 pounds. Oats: Postharvest Chemical Applications States Surveyed, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 3.34 1.0 0.16 0.16 1.0 Malathion : 0.26 1.0 0.34 0.34 0.2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Volume handled by grain storage facilities in the twelve States surveyed was 178.7 million bushels. States included are IL, IA, KS, MI, MN, ND, OH, OR, PA, SD, TX, and WI. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Bicycloheptene, Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Calcium propionate, Lindane, Piperonyl butoxide, Pyrethrins, Silicon dioxide, Tebuconazole, and Thiram. Oats: Postharvest Chemical Applications Kansas, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide 3/: 1.95 1.0 0.14 0.14 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Kansas grain storage facilities was 2.0 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Chlorpyrifos-methyl. 3/ Amount applied less than 50 pounds. Oats: Postharvest Chemical Applications Minnesota, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 5.69 1.0 0.19 0.19 0.7 Malathion : 0.17 1.0 0.52 0.52 0.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Minnesota grain storage facilities was 62.2 million bushels. Oats: Postharvest Chemical Applications Pennsylvania, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Malathion 3/ : .92 1.0 0.57 0.57 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Pennsylvania grain storage facilities was 4.1 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Aluminum phosphide. 3/ Amount applied less than 50 pounds. Oats: Postharvest Chemical Applications South Dakota, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide 3/: 2.41 1.0 0.27 0.27 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by South Dakota grain storage facilities was 7.4 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Malathion. 3/ Amount applied less than 50 pounds. Oats: Postharvest Chemical Applications Wisconsin, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Malathion 3/ : 1.03 1.0 0.16 0.16 Aluminum phosphide : 8.57 1.0 0.11 0.11 0.2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Wisconsin grain storage facilities was 19.0 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Calcium propionate and Silicon dioxide. 3/ Amount applied less than 50 pounds. Soybeans: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, States Surveyed and Total, 1998 Marketing Year ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :------------------------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide : Other Chemical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Mil. bu. Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Lbs Lbs Lbs : AR : 100.7 .16 4.7 IL : 561.1 * * IN : 365.8 IA : 747.1 KS : 158.2 1.45 0.4 MN : 495.6 * * MO : 231.7 * * NE : 150.1 * * OH : 336.1 : Total : 3,146.5 .09 0.5 .01 6.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Insufficient reports to publish data for this pesticide class. Soybeans: Postharvest Chemical Applications States Surveyed, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 0.08 1.0 0.17 0.17 0.4 : Fungicides: : Carboxin 3/ : 1.0 20.31 20.31 3.1 Thiram 3/ : 1.0 20.31 20.31 3.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by grain storage facilities in the 9 States surveyed was 3.1 billion bushels. States included are AR, IL, IN, IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, and OH. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Malathion as an insecticide and for Metalaxyl as a fungicide. 3/ Volume treated less than 0.005 percent. Soybeans: Postharvest Chemical Applications Arkansas, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Fungicides: : Carboxin : 0.12 1.0 19.17 19.17 2.4 Thiram : 0.12 1.0 19.17 19.17 2.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Arkansas grain storage facilities was 100.7 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Metalaxyl. Soybeans: Postharvest Chemical Applications Kansas, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : Aluminum phosphide : 1.42 1.0 0.16 0.16 0.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Kansas grain storage facilities was 158.2 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for Malathion. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Oats, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------- : IL : IA : KS : MI : MN : ND : OH : OR -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 47 40 47 36 27 46 40 15 Deep bin sampler : 5 8 3 4 2 3 2 13 Grain spreader in bins : 29 29 8 16 23 8 33 3 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 7 8 47 8 5 11 4 8 Power probe : 37 38 24 16 6 5 21 3 Protein analyzer : 7 12 13 1 12 82 3 20 Re-circulation fumigation device : 1 3 6 1 1 3 2 Temperature cables in bins : 41 34 63 24 28 25 50 2 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean aeration ducts : 81 81 81 74 64 78 76 37 Control vegetation around bins : 98 97 98 88 95 99 99 85 Core bins after filling : 83 77 31 74 45 55 61 14 Fumigate empty bins : 61 63 66 40 21 43 68 64 Hose down empty bins : 14 10 6 8 11 6 1 18 Pick up spilled grain : 97 99 100 98 96 100 100 93 Sweep empty bins : 98 94 98 94 87 94 95 90 Other cleaning activities : 7 9 3 3 5 31 10 12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : PA : SD : TX : WI : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 17 34 34 22 34 Deep bin sampler : 1 5 3 5 4 Grain spreader in bins : 21 10 17 19 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 6 14 17 2 10 Power probe : 1 20 10 6 16 Protein analyzer : 3 68 15 3 20 Re-circulation fumigation device : 3 7 4 2 3 Temperature cables in bins : 3 20 20 17 29 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean aeration ducts : 38 73 78 57 70 Control vegetation around bins : 72 99 90 90 94 Core bins after filling : 9 54 23 30 51 Fumigate empty bins : 56 51 57 26 45 Hose down empty bins : 4 5 12 4 8 Pick up spilled grain : 85 100 100 94 97 Sweep empty bins : 81 99 97 81 91 Other cleaning activities : 7 11 8 9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Descriptions of these items are included in the Terms and Definitions section of this report, on pages 26-28. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Oats, 1998 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : IL : IA : KS : MI : MN : ND : OH : OR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 3 2 6 11 7 2 5 Twice a week : 7 3 4 4 3 1 Weekly : 35 34 35 29 17 14 40 72 Every two weeks : 12 12 6 4 15 16 12 Monthly : 41 33 43 27 44 30 26 28 Other : 1 7 6 8 2 27 13 Do not inspect : 1 9 17 15 8 3 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 5 3 4 12 8 1 9 Twice a week : 6 2 3 5 2 1 4 Weekly : 29 23 23 32 13 17 22 28 Every two weeks : 20 19 7 5 19 21 9 Monthly : 33 42 55 33 38 45 47 54 Other : 3 6 7 5 6 10 7 13 Do not inspect : 4 5 1 8 14 5 2 5 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 6 7 3 11 9 1 20 18 Twice a week : 6 1 3 5 2 2 2 Weekly : 33 29 22 42 22 11 17 25 Every two weeks : 10 14 5 8 14 21 3 13 Monthly : 34 32 61 14 30 45 27 44 Other : 3 6 4 6 3 12 5 Do not inspect : 8 11 2 14 20 8 26 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 3 4 2 8 2 6 Twice a week : 12 6 4 7 4 3 9 Weekly : 33 41 50 20 27 14 39 84 Every two weeks : 6 15 8 5 21 7 11 Monthly : 31 19 27 22 7 13 15 Other : 3 2 4 12 4 30 3 Do not inspect : 12 13 5 26 37 31 17 16 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Oats, 1998 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : IL : IA : KS : MI : MN : ND : OH : OR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : -- Percent of Operations -- : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 2 4 7 1 3 3 Twice a week : 10 3 4 3 2 1 4 Weekly : 26 19 23 13 10 10 34 9 Every two weeks : 8 19 10 5 18 16 9 Monthly : 28 20 39 19 23 24 15 9 Other : 2 5 6 6 3 13 3 3 Do not inspect : 24 30 18 47 43 33 32 79 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 2 4 6 1 4 11 18 Twice a week : 9 4 3 2 2 Weekly : 34 23 20 2 10 6 15 13 Every two weeks : 5 15 17 3 12 15 4 Monthly : 24 23 46 9 9 24 4 7 Other : 3 5 22 4 16 5 Do not inspect : 23 26 17 58 61 33 59 62 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : PA : SD : TX : WI : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 22 2 5 7 5 Twice a week : 6 3 3 3 Weekly : 14 5 15 7 27 Every two weeks : 22 12 8 11 Monthly : 14 25 26 29 33 Other : 4 18 8 Do not inspect : 46 22 39 46 13 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 14 1 6 17 7 Twice a week : 2 6 1 6 3 Weekly : 24 10 22 16 19 Every two weeks : 13 17 18 10 15 Monthly : 19 42 39 26 39 Other : 4 12 2 5 7 Do not inspect : 24 12 12 20 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Oats, 1998 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : PA : SD : TX : WI : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- Other Structures: : : Daily : 16 2 5 21 8 Twice a week : 2 3 2 2 Weekly : 13 14 27 11 20 Every two weeks : 2 17 8 12 Monthly : 26 37 19 20 34 Other : 13 4 3 6 Do not inspect : 41 14 45 35 18 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 8 4 5 4 Twice a week : 4 5 6 Weekly : 4 9 26 11 30 Every two weeks : 8 13 9 Monthly : 8 22 5 21 19 Other : 9 14 3 4 7 Do not inspect : 79 35 44 59 25 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 2 3 6 3 Twice a week : 4 4 4 3 Weekly : 5 10 15 14 16 Every two weeks : 6 9 6 10 12 Monthly : 18 29 15 9 21 Other : 4 12 4 2 5 Do not inspect : 67 34 53 55 40 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 7 3 Twice a week : 4 1 3 Weekly : 3 13 11 6 12 Every two weeks : 2 9 15 2 10 Monthly : 2 28 5 6 17 Other : 4 13 4 7 Do not inspect : 89 33 69 74 48 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Oats, 1998 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : IL : IA : KS : MI : MN : ND : OH : OR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 1 2 6 7 5 2 5 Twice a week : 3 3 4 5 3 1 Weekly : 36 31 34 28 19 14 40 57 Every two weeks : 13 6 3 4 16 16 12 Monthly : 42 40 43 29 34 30 26 43 Other : 4 7 10 9 4 27 13 Do not inspect : 1 11 18 22 8 3 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 4 3 4 10 8 1 9 Twice a week : 4 1 3 5 1 1 4 Weekly : 28 19 19 30 11 15 22 25 Every two weeks : 21 16 4 6 18 23 9 Monthly : 34 48 59 32 42 51 47 52 Other : 5 6 10 8 6 5 7 18 Do not inspect : 4 7 1 9 14 4 2 5 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 6 7 3 11 8 1 20 18 Twice a week : 3 1 3 5 1 2 2 Weekly : 30 25 21 42 17 11 17 24 Every two weeks : 13 10 7 8 15 22 3 7 Monthly : 40 38 58 16 34 52 27 43 Other : 3 6 6 2 4 6 5 8 Do not inspect : 5 13 2 16 21 6 26 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 4 7 4 8 3 6 Twice a week : 7 5 4 7 4 3 9 Weekly : 36 40 47 20 25 14 39 68 Every two weeks : 7 12 3 5 23 5 11 Monthly : 31 21 33 22 9 15 15 16 Other : 3 2 2 12 4 27 3 Do not inspect : 12 13 7 26 37 33 17 16 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Oats, 1998 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : IL : IA : KS : MI : MN : ND : OH : OR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 3 5 2 7 3 3 Twice a week : 7 2 3 4 2 1 4 Weekly : 28 19 22 11 8 10 34 6 Every two weeks : 9 16 6 4 16 10 9 Monthly : 27 21 43 20 24 31 15 13 Other : 2 5 5 5 6 13 3 3 Do not inspect : 24 32 19 49 44 32 32 78 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 3 4 3 6 1 4 11 18 Twice a week : 4 3 2 2 2 Weekly : 36 21 20 2 8 6 15 Every two weeks : 7 12 10 3 12 9 4 6 Monthly : 24 27 50 9 11 31 4 14 Other : 3 5 6 16 5 Do not inspect : 23 28 17 80 60 32 59 62 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : PA : SD : TX : WI : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 23 2 3 7 4 Twice a week : 6 3 3 3 Weekly : 9 5 8 5 26 Every two weeks : 4 22 12 10 10 Monthly : 9 25 25 29 33 Other : 9 17 10 10 Do not inspect : 46 23 39 46 14 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 14 1 5 16 7 Twice a week : 2 6 1 6 3 Weekly : 23 10 21 13 17 Every two weeks : 13 17 12 7 14 Monthly : 18 40 41 30 41 Other : 12 12 4 5 7 Do not inspect : 18 14 16 23 11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Oats, 1998 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : States Surveyed Practice :----------------------------------------- : PA : SD : TX : WI : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : -- Percent of Operations -- : Other Structures: : : Daily : 16 2 21 8 Twice a week : 2 3 2 2 Weekly : 13 14 16 12 18 Every two weeks : 2 17 1 12 Monthly : 21 37 19 20 36 Other : 2 13 4 3 5 Do not inspect : 44 14 61 41 19 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 8 4 5 5 Twice a week : 4 6 5 Weekly : 9 15 7 30 Every two weeks : 4 8 8 2 8 Monthly : 8 22 21 24 21 Other : 9 14 3 4 6 Do not inspect : 79 35 43 58 25 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 2 5 6 3 Twice a week : 4 4 4 3 Weekly : 5 10 8 12 15 Every two weeks : 6 9 2 9 11 Monthly : 18 29 22 11 23 Other : 4 12 5 2 6 Do not inspect : 67 34 54 56 39 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 8 3 Twice a week : 4 1 2 Weekly : 3 13 11 7 11 Every two weeks : 2 9 8 Monthly : 2 28 20 6 20 Other : 4 13 4 7 Do not inspect : 89 33 69 74 49 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pest Management Practices, Strategies Used in Deciding When to Fumigate Grain Oats, 1998 Marketing Year ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : States Surveyed Practice :----------------------------------------- : IL : IA : KS : MI : MN : ND : OH : OR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : -- Percent of Operations -- : Preset Calendar Date : 3 5 5 7 18 Bin Samples : 20 13 48 11 54 45 25 43 Combined with other Handling : 34 12 2 7 3 2 7 26 Operation : Insect Trap Counts : 3 64 9 3 8 Visual Grain Inspection : 40 6 36 72 32 47 42 31 Other : 3 6 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : PA : SD : TX : WI : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Preset Calendar Date : 11 12 4 Bin Samples : 6 51 46 19 37 Combined with other Handling : 19 4 7 3 7 Operation : Insect Trap Counts : 2 Visual Grain Inspection : 62 40 32 61 46 Other : 13 5 4 5 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Soybeans, 1998 Marketing Year 1/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 38 44 40 39 49 Deep bin sampler : 11 3 2 4 13 Grain spreader in bins : 16 27 12 33 7 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 16 5 4 6 44 Power probe : 42 54 47 42 19 Protein analyzer : 1 2 10 14 Re-circulation fumigation device : 5 2 8 2 5 Temperature cables in bins : 13 59 34 40 67 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean aeration ducts : 69 91 81 73 81 Control vegetation around bins : 96 98 99 100 97 Core bins after filling : 62 89 69 77 50 Fumigate empty bins : 67 50 57 60 68 Hose down empty bins : 30 11 7 9 18 Pick up spilled grain : 97 98 100 100 99 Sweep empty bins : 92 99 97 98 93 Other cleaning activities : 8 7 11 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : MN : MO : NE : OH : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 45 37 44 34 41 Deep bin sampler : 5 7 12 4 6 Grain spreader in bins : 30 21 25 26 22 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 5 9 11 6 11 Power probe : 13 16 55 28 36 Protein analyzer : 28 3 8 2 7 Re-circulation fumigation device : 1 5 3 1 3 Temperature cables in bins : 46 20 53 69 49 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean aeration ducts : 87 82 84 89 83 Control vegetation around bins : 99 99 99 100 99 Core bins after filling : 71 72 63 75 72 Fumigate empty bins : 26 62 51 55 55 Hose down empty bins : 7 14 4 1 10 Pick up spilled grain : 99 99 98 100 99 Sweep empty bins : 90 96 100 100 97 Other cleaning activities : 8 3 10 8 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Definitions of these items are included in the Terms and Definitions section of this report, on pages 26-28. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Soybeans, 1998 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 5 2 4 3 3 Twice a week : 22 8 2 2 2 Weekly : 34 38 23 25 31 Every two weeks : 20 13 13 18 Monthly : 24 24 30 43 38 Other : 6 6 12 8 7 Do not inspect : 9 2 16 6 1 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 2 2 12 3 2 Twice a week : 7 6 2 2 Weekly : 33 40 18 23 24 Every two weeks : 4 20 10 17 6 Monthly : 34 24 35 39 48 Other : 5 6 10 11 16 Do not inspect : 15 2 13 5 4 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 3 3 17 4 1 Twice a week : 21 7 1 3 1 Weekly : 57 43 10 26 21 Every two weeks : 4 18 11 13 3 Monthly : 7 17 28 33 44 Other : 10 20 14 19 Do not inspect : 8 2 13 7 11 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 31 8 6 5 2 Twice a week : 22 7 3 6 7 Weekly : 37 24 41 53 Every two weeks : 15 4 13 11 Monthly : 4 14 21 13 18 Other : 16 1 18 3 2 Do not inspect : 27 18 24 19 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Soybeans, 1998 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 11 8 10 3 Twice a week : 6 6 3 3 4 Weekly : 21 37 14 25 29 Every two weeks : 9 15 5 18 6 Monthly : 29 17 17 16 41 Other : 1 1 16 3 2 Do not inspect : 23 16 35 32 18 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 3 2 1 Twice a week : 17 9 3 4 2 Weekly : 42 40 17 25 29 Every two weeks : 17 5 19 6 Monthly : 4 11 15 22 35 Other : 2 13 1 Do not inspect : 34 19 47 28 28 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : MN : MO : NE : OH : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 15 7 7 7 5 Twice a week : 2 10 7 5 5 Weekly : 24 33 30 39 32 Every two weeks : 9 13 9 10 14 Monthly : 41 28 42 22 31 Other : 5 4 2 13 8 Do not inspect : 4 5 3 4 5 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 3 3 4 11 5 Twice a week : 4 8 6 6 4 Weekly : 18 22 30 29 27 Every two weeks : 27 22 17 11 16 Monthly : 35 31 38 29 33 Other : 2 4 2 9 8 Do not inspect : 11 10 3 5 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Soybeans, 1998 Marketing Year, Spring and Summer (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : MN : MO : NE : OH : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Other Structures: : : Daily : 4 10 8 1 4 Twice a week : 2 9 10 7 5 Weekly : 28 40 27 42 32 Every two weeks : 23 27 24 13 Monthly : 30 5 26 44 30 Other : 2 9 Do not inspect : 11 9 5 6 7 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 7 7 8 6 7 Twice a week : 5 11 7 23 9 Weekly : 35 38 41 41 38 Every two weeks : 11 7 20 7 11 Monthly : 16 16 19 11 15 Other : 5 5 1 7 5 Do not inspect : 21 16 4 5 14 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 3 3 5 5 Twice a week : 2 6 4 18 6 Weekly : 12 17 32 31 25 Every two weeks : 21 4 20 7 12 Monthly : 37 31 16 12 22 Other : 2 3 3 10 5 Do not inspect : 26 36 22 17 25 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 10 7 3 2 Twice a week : 4 4 8 11 6 Weekly : 14 14 28 35 28 Every two weeks : 25 5 24 3 14 Monthly : 13 3 12 13 18 Other : 4 4 2 3 Do not inspect : 40 64 17 33 29 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Soybeans, 1998 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------- : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 5 4 5 3 3 Twice a week : 5 1 2 2 Weekly : 24 37 20 22 26 Every two weeks : 14 20 8 8 14 Monthly : 13 24 34 48 44 Other : 5 6 19 8 9 Do not inspect : 39 4 13 9 2 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 2 4 12 3 2 Twice a week : 6 4 1 1 Weekly : 32 37 19 18 19 Every two weeks : 7 19 7 13 5 Monthly : 38 26 36 48 52 Other : 3 6 15 10 17 Do not inspect : 12 4 10 7 5 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 3 4 17 4 1 Twice a week : 21 1 1 3 1 Weekly : 47 37 9 23 17 Every two weeks : 14 22 8 11 4 Monthly : 7 22 34 35 44 Other : 10 20 13 21 Do not inspect : 8 4 11 11 12 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 34 14 7 5 2 Twice a week : 19 3 2 6 6 Weekly : 35 22 38 50 Every two weeks : 14 4 10 6 Monthly : 4 14 22 19 25 Other : 16 1 18 3 2 Do not inspect : 27 19 25 19 9 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Soybeans, 1998 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : States Surveyed Practice :----------------------------------------- : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : -- Percent of Operations -- : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 11 14 11 4 Twice a week : 9 4 2 2 4 Weekly : 21 34 16 24 26 Every two weeks : 11 13 5 16 5 Monthly : 31 17 17 21 45 Other : 1 1 14 3 1 Do not inspect : 16 17 35 30 19 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 7 4 2 1 Twice a week : 13 2 4 2 1 Weekly : 42 38 16 30 26 Every two weeks : 21 5 15 3 Monthly : 4 14 15 25 41 Other : 2 13 1 Do not inspect : 34 19 45 26 29 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :------------------------------------------ : MN : MO : NE : OH : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : -- Percent of Operations -- : Inspected for insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 14 8 7 7 5 Twice a week : 4 4 6 5 4 Weekly : 20 37 28 37 29 Every two weeks : 10 7 4 10 12 Monthly : 42 25 44 25 33 Other : 6 12 2 12 10 Do not inspect : 4 7 9 4 7 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 2 2 3 11 5 Twice a week : 4 6 6 3 3 Weekly : 16 18 28 30 24 Every two weeks : 25 20 13 12 14 Monthly : 37 36 41 30 37 Other : 2 7 3 9 9 Do not inspect : 14 11 6 5 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Soybeans, 1998 Marketing Year, Fall and Winter (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : States Surveyed Practice :----------------------------------------- : MN : MO : NE : OH : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : -- Percent of Operations -- : Other Structures: : : Daily : 3 10 8 1 5 Twice a week : 2 5 8 7 3 Weekly : 25 5 26 37 25 Every two weeks : 26 16 15 2 13 Monthly : 29 51 36 48 35 Other : 2 4 2 10 Do not inspect : 13 9 5 5 9 : Measure grain temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 6 8 8 6 8 Twice a week : 3 12 9 22 8 Weekly : 33 38 37 41 36 Every two weeks : 14 5 16 8 10 Monthly : 20 16 25 11 18 Other : 5 5 1 7 5 Do not inspect : 19 16 4 5 15 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 1 2 3 5 6 Twice a week : 2 5 5 14 5 Weekly : 13 18 28 32 25 Every two weeks : 19 4 18 10 11 Monthly : 37 35 20 12 24 Other : 3 3 3 10 5 Do not inspect : 25 33 23 17 24 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 7 3 2 Twice a week : 3 4 10 7 4 Weekly : 15 20 30 35 28 Every two weeks : 24 2 13 8 13 Monthly : 13 34 21 13 22 Other : 5 2 2 2 Do not inspect : 40 40 17 32 29 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pest Management Practices, Strategies Used in Deciding When to Fumigate Grain Soybeans, 1998 Marketing Year ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : States Surveyed Practice :----------------------------------------- : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : -- Percent of Operations -- : Preset calendar date : 16 8 5 6 2 Bin samples : 66 26 16 10 31 Combined with other handling : 7 5 18 9 18 Operations : Insect trap counts : 1 10 2 1 Visual grain inspection : 11 57 38 65 48 Other : 3 13 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : States Surveyed Practice :----------------------------------------- : MN : MO : NE : OH : ALL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : -- Percent of Operations -- : Preset calendar date : 11 10 35 9 Bin samples : 25 31 50 30 31 Combined with other handling : 9 7 10 5 11 Operations : Insect trap counts : 5 1 Visual grain inspection : 59 51 28 28 46 Other : 2 2 2 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Survey Procedures: Operations chosen from the NASS List Sampling Frame were known to or expected to provide off-farm storage for oats and soybeans. The sample was selected with probability proportional to size in terms of the amount of oats and soybeans reported by the operation on one of NASS's quarterly Grain Stocks Surveys in 1998. Estimation Procedures: The chemical applications data, reported by product name or trade name were reviewed within State and across States for reasonableness and consistency. This review compared reported data with manufacturer's recommendations and with data from other operations using the same product. Following this review, product information was converted to active ingredient level. The chemical usage estimates in this publication are of those active ingredients. Detailed data within a table may not multiply across or add down due to independent rounding of the published values. Reliability:The probability nature of the survey provides for expansion of data so estimates are statistically representative of chemical use on the targeted commodities in the surveyed States. The reliability of these survey results are affected by sampling variability and nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors are errors that occur during a survey process, and unlike sampling variability, are difficult to measure. They may be caused by interviewers failing to follow instructions, poorly worded questions, non- response, problematic survey procedures, or data handling between collection and publication. In this survey, procedures and analysis were carried out in a consistent and orderly manner to minimize the occurrence of these types of errors. Variability for estimates of volume of the commodity handled will be higher than the variability for estimates of application rates. This is because application rates have a narrower range of responses and the manufacturer's recommended rates are generally followed. Sampling variability of the estimates also differs by chemical and crop. In general, the more often the chemical was applied, the smaller the sampling variability. For example, estimates of use of a commonly used product, such as aluminum phosphide on oats in Minnesota, will exhibit less variability than a rarely used or reported product. Terms and Definitions Active ingredient: The active ingredient is the specific chemical which kills or controls the target pests. Usage data are reported by pesticide product and are converted to an amount of active ingredient. Aeration Controller: An automatic (usually computer-based) system that determines the optimum running time (considering humidity and temperature)for aeration fans on the grain bins. They can usually be set for drying or storage mode. Agricultural chemicals: The phrase agricultural chemicals refers to the active ingredients in pesticides. Application Rates: The application rates refer to the average number of pounds of a pesticide active ingredient applied to a volume of product. Rate per application is the average number of pounds applied in one application. Rate per marketing year is the average number of pounds applied counting multiple applications. Number of applications is the average number of times a treated volume receives a specific agricultural chemical. Common name: The common name is an officially recognized name for an active ingredient. This report shows active ingredient by common name. Core bins after filling: When grain is placed into a bin, it is usually filled from the top. The grain forms a cone as it fills the bin. Because grain contains other things (including broken pieces of grain), smaller particles (called fines) tend to concentrate in the center of the bin. This finer material compacts, restricting airflow which in turn affects grain temperatures and thus pests. For this reason, it is recommended that a portion of grain is extracted from the bottom center of the bin. This core can then be reloaded onto the top and spread over the surface to distribute the fines evenly. Deep bin sampler: Usually a vacuum type device that allows one to reach deeply into a grain bin and sample grain that is normally out of reach to typical probe samplers. Fumigant: A substance or mixture of substances which produce a gas vapor, fume or smoke intended to destroy insects, rodents, or bacteria. Grain spreader:When grain is loaded into the grain bin, it can first be put through a spreader which swings the grain out from the fall line and fills the bin uniformly rather than forming a cone in the center of the bin. Marketing year: A marketing year refers to the period immediately following harvest of the crop through the marketing or disposition of the crop. The marketing year for oats was July 1, 1998 to June 30, 1999, and September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999 for soybeans. Pesticides: As defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), pesticides include any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. Phosphine pellet dispenser: Manually or automatically dispenses phosphine pellets to a stream of grain as it is being loaded. Postharvest: After the commodity is harvested from the field, any subsequent activity is termed postharvest. Postharvest chemical usage refers to chemical applications after the commodity is taken from the field or orchard. Power probe: A fully integrated mechanized system for sampling stationary lots of grain in trucks or similar conveyance. It obtains a representative sample by inserting a probe-like device into grain, opening the probe to allow grain to enter, closing, and then the sample is pneumatically withdrawn from the probe. Processor: Processors actually change the form of the commodity. These firms may have storage facilities as well. Protein analyzer: Usually infrared analyzers that can, within a matter of minutes, determine the composition of grain. Values obtained can include protein, oil, starch content, moisture content and kernel density. Re-circulation fumigation device: A fan that is combined with PVC pipe on the outside of a grain bin. The PVC runs from the top down the sides, through the fan and into the bottom of the grain bin. Rather than probing fumigant pellets into the grain mass from the surface of the grain, you can use a much lower concentration of fumigant and place the pellets in the PVC pipe from outside of the grain bin. Advantages include using less chemical, increased worker safety, and more uniform distribution of the gas since the fans force the fumigant throughout the grain mass. Temperature cables: Cables running from top to bottom in grain bin that automatically determine grain temperature and output this information to a central system. Terminal elevator: An elevator where large amounts of grain are brought for sale and distribution. Grain usually leaves these facilities by rail or barge. Trade name: A trademark name given to a specific formulation of a pesticide product. A formulation contains a specific concentration of the active ingredient, carrier materials, and other ingredients such as emulsifiers and wetting agents. Some formulations, as in the case of pre-mixes, can contain more than one active ingredient. Volume Handled: The volume of a commodity handled by the market segment. In this release, it is the total amount of a commodity that passed through the firms summarized in the particular table. Volume treated: This amount represents the percentage of the volume handled which received one or more applications of a specific agricultural chemical. This report does not contain total quantity treatments. However, total quantity treatments can be calculated by multiplying the total volume handled by the percent of volume treated and the average number of applications. Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes The following is a list of common names, associated classes and trade names of active ingredients in this publication. The classes are herbicides (H), insecticides (I), fungicides (F), and other chemicals (O). This list is provided as an aid in reviewing the data. Pre-mixes are not cataloged. The list may not be complete for all postharvest chemicals used on oats and soybeans, and NASS does not mean to imply use of any specific trade name. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Class : Common Name : Trade Name ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I Aluminum phosphide several I Bicycloheptene Virchem Thirty-Four F Calcium propionate Calcium propionate F Captan Captan I Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide F Carboxin Vitavax O Chloropicrin Larvacide I Chlorpyrifos Lorsban, Dursban I Chloropyrifos-methyl Reldan I Cyfluthrin Tempo 2 I D-trans-allethrin Virchem Thirty-Four F Difenoconazole Dividend F Fludioxonil Maxim F Imazilil Flo-Pro I Imidacloprid Gancho I Lindane Lindane I Malathion several F Metalaxyl Apron I Methyl bromide several I Methoxychlor several I Petroleum distellate several I Piperonyl butoxide several I Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic F Propionic acid Tenox P I Pyrethrins several I Silica gel Protect-it I Silicon dioxide Diatomaceous Earth, Insect-Away F Tebuconazole Thiram F Thiram Vitavax, Thiram ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Report Features Released March 15, 2000, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage" call (202) 720-6146, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. The next "Agricultural Chemical Usage: Postharvest Applications" will be released during the spring of 2001. This report will cover the use of postharvest chemicals used on peanuts and rice during the 1999 marketing year. Listed below are persons within the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. Mark Aitken, Environmental Statistician (202) 720-9525 Norman Bennett, Head, Environmental and Demographics Section (202) 720-0684 Linda Hutton, Chief, Environmental, Economics, and Demographics Branch (202) 720-6146 Index Page Overview ............................................................... 1 Highlights ............................................................. 3 Postharvest Chemical Use Tables Oats ................................................................. 4 Soybeans ............................................................. 7 Pest Management Practices Oats ................................................................. 9 Soybeans ............................................................. 17 Survey Procedures ...................................................... 25 Estimation Procedures .................................................. 25 Reliability ............................................................ 25 Terms and Definitions .................................................. 26 Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes ................................. 28 Questionnaire .......................................................... 29 Report Features ........................................................ 37 Released March 15, 2000, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage-Postharvest Applications" call (202) 720-6146, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC, 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. ACCESS TO REPORTS!! 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