United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service Ag Ch 1 (04) Agricultural Chemical Usage Postharvest Applications - Corn and Soybeans March 2004 Table of Contents Page Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Chemical Applications Tables - - - Corn Percent Treated and Total Applied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chemical Applications Tables - - - Soybeans Percent Treated and Total Applied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Pest Management Practices - - - All Grains Stored Percent of Operations Using Strategies and Practices, Program States . . 7 Survey Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Estimation Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Trade Names and Common Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Survey Instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Report Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Postharvest Chemical Use Estimates for Corn and Soybeans Overview: The agricultural chemical use estimates in this report are based on data compiled from the 2003 Postharvest Chemical Use Survey. The Postharvest Survey was conducted for corn and soybeans in the summer of 2003, covering the 2002 crop. All results refer to pesticide applications made at off-farm storage facilities after the crops were harvested. These applications were made at the grain storage facility or the processing facility. On-farm postharvest applications were beyond the scope of this survey. The time frame for these applications was September 1, 2002 to August 31, 2003. The table below depicts the survey coverage for the 2002-2003 marketing year for corn and soybeans. The table includes the number of program States and number of reports summarized. The U.S. map below the table depicts graphically the number of summarized reports for each State in the survey. Agricultural Chemical Use Survey Coverage, 2002-2003 Marketing Year Crop Number of Program States Number of Reports Summarized Corn 8 1613 Soybeans 9 1548 Highlights CORN: Corn storage operations in eight States were surveyed following the 2002-2003 marketing year. These States accounted for 77 percent of the total U.S. corn production. States surveyed for storage do not necessarily correspond to major corn producing States. Commonly Used Active Ingredients: The primary postharvest chemicals used on 2002 crop year corn stored off-farm were aluminum phosphide and silicon dioxide, based on percent of total pounds applied. Although aluminum phosphide is commonly referred to as a fumigant, it is used to kill insects, insect larvae, and mites and is classified as an insecticide by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Silicone dioxide is also an insecticide. Data for total pounds of insecticides applied and percent of corn treated were not able to be published for Minnesota and Ohio due to National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) confidentiality and disclosure restrictions. There were insufficient reports to publish state level fungicide usage on corn for any of the eight program States. Total pounds applied, rates, and percent treated for fungicides were tabulated and published at the U.S. level as a sum of the program States. States included in this survey were Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, and Texas. SOYBEANS: Soybean storage operations in nine States were surveyed following the 2002-2003 marketing year. These States surveyed accounted for 78 percent of the total U.S. soybean production. States surveyed for storage do not necessarily correspond to major soybean producing States. Commonly Used Active Ingredients: The primary postharvest chemicals used on 2002 crop year soybean stored off-farm were carboxin and thiram, based on percent of total pounds applied. Both active ingredients are classified as fungicides by the EPA. No individual State's soybean postharvest chemical use data were able to be published for the nine surveyed States due to NASS confidentiality and disclosure restrictions. There were insufficient reports to publish State level insecticide or fungicide usage on soybeans for Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Ohio. Total pounds applied, rates, and percent treated were tabulated and published as a sum of the program States. Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, and Nebraska reported no pesticides used on 2002 crop year soybeans stored off-farm. PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: It was discovered during pre-survey research that pest management practices varied considerably depending on the time of year. Therefore, seasonal data were collected on this survey and are published in separate tables labeled "Spring and Summer" and "Fall and Winter". The percentages shown in these data tables pertain to pest management practices for all grains handled by the facilities sampled, not just corn and soybeans. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, Program States and Total, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :----------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Mil. bu. Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Lbs. Lbs. : : IL 2/ : 1,907.8 2.35 8.4 IN : 584.7 0.63 0.8 IA : 1,909.5 1.24 4.8 KS : 186.4 6.76 2.5 MN 2/ : 902.1 NE : 654.9 2.42 6.1 OH 2/ : 308.0 TX : 281.4 6.92 2.7 : Total : 6,734.8 1.82 35.6 0.03 98.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for one or more of the pesticide classes. 2/ Data not published due to confidentiality restrictions. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied, Total of Program States, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : : Aluminum phosphide : 1.76 1.0 0.17 0.17 19.9 Malathion : 0.17 1.0 0.20 0.20 2.3 Pirimiphos-methyl : 0.05 1.0 0.30 0.30 1.0 Silicone dioxide : 0.09 1.0 1.03 1.03 6.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by grain storage facilities in the eight States surveyed was 6.7 billion bushels. States included are IL, IN, IA, KS, MN, NE, OH, and TX. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for carbon dioxide, chlorpyrifos-methyl, fludioxonil, metalaxyl, methyl bromide, N-octy-bicyloheptene dicarbo., piperonyl butoxide, phosphine gas, propionic acid, pyrethrins, and silica gel. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Illinois, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations :Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : : Aluminum phosphide : 2.23 1.0 0.14 0.14 6.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Illinois grain storage facilities was 1.9 billion bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for carbon dioxide, chlorpyrifos-methyl, fludioxonil, malathion, metalaxyl, pirimphos-methyl, phosphine gas, silica gel, and silicon dioxide. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Indiana, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations :Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : : Aluminum phosphide : 0.63 1.0 0.21 0.21 0.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Indiana grain storage facilities was 584.7 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for malathion. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Iowa, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations :Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : : Aluminum phosphide : 1.24 1.0 0.20 0.20 4.8 Malathion : 0.09 1.0 0.39 0.39 0.7 Silicone dioxide : 0.10 1.00 1.15 1.15 2.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Iowa grain storage facilities was 1.9 billion bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for pirimiphos-methyl and silica gel. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Kansas, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations :Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : : Aluminum phosphide : 6.76 1.0 0.20 0.20 2.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Kansas grain storage facilities was 186.4 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for malathion and pirimiphos-methyl. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Nebraska, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations :Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : : Aluminum phosphide : 2.22 1.0 0.17 0.17 2.5 Malathion : 0.11 1.0 0.39 0.39 0.3 Silicon dioxide : 0.11 1.0 0.53 0.53 0.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Nebraska grain storage facilities was 654.9 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for methyl-bromide and silica gel. Corn: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Texas, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations :Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Insecticides: : : Aluminum phosphide : 6.88 1.0 0.14 0.14 2.7 Malathion : 0.78 1.0 0.10 0.10 0.2 Silicone dioxide : 0.36 1.0 1.45 1.45 1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Texas grain storage facilities was 281.4 million bushels. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for carbon dioxide, phosphine gas, piperonyl butoxide, pirimiphos-methyl, and pyrethrins. Soybeans: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, Program States and Total, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :----------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide : Fungicide -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Mil. bu. Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : Lbs. Lbs. : : AR 2/ : 81.6 IL 2/ : 570.6 IN : 323.6 IA 2/ : 772.7 KS : 78.4 MN : 482.6 MO 2/ : 230.7 NE : 145.5 OH 2/ : 253.7 : Total 3/ : 2,939.4 0.02 0.1 5.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for one or more of the pesticide classes. 2/ Data not published due to confidentiality restrictions. 3/ Fungicide percent treated less than 0.005 percent. Soybeans: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied, Total of Program States, 2002 Marketing Year 1/ 2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical : Treated : cations : Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 Bu. 1,000 Lbs : Fungicides: : : Carboxin 3/ : 1.0 28.00 28.00 2.7 Thiram 3/ : 1.0 28.00 28.00 2.7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by grain storage facilities in the nine States surveyed was 2.9 billion bushels. States included are AR, IL, IN, IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, and OH. 2/ Insufficient reports to publish usage data for allethrin, aluminum phosphide, chlorpyrifos, fludioxonil, malathion, metalaxyl, N-octy-bicyloheptene dicarbo., petroleum distillate, piperonyl butoxide, and pyrethrins. 3/ Volume treated less than 0.005 percent. Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :----------------------------------------------- : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS : MN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 54 30 30 38 41 43 Deep bin sampler : 8 6 3 3 13 4 Grain spreader in bins : 31 24 18 34 9 31 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 21 16 7 6 49 3 Power probe : 23 49 38 41 43 17 Protein analyzer : 4 4 7 9 16 22 : 12 6 3 2 12 1 Temperature cables in bins : 33 57 33 40 70 39 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean aeration ducts : 71 88 81 81 75 76 Control vegetation around bins: 92 96 92 99 98 96 Core bins after filling : 44 89 78 82 43 73 Spray/fumigate empty bins : 54 47 56 55 67 22 Hose down empty bins : 42 8 10 12 12 7 Pick up spilled grain/clean : surrounding area : 92 97 98 99 99 95 Sweep/vaccum empty bins : 90 92 90 98 91 90 Other cleaning activities : 6 7 8 5 5 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002 (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :-------------------------------------------- : MO : NE : OH : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Mechanical Devices: : : Aeration controller : 15 26 27 41 33 Deep bin sampler : 1 6 6 9 6 Grain spreader in bins : 12 15 29 7 22 Phosphine pellet dispenser : 7 19 4 20 15 Power probe : 14 47 42 22 38 Protein analyzer : 3 19 5 11 10 Re-circulation fumigation device : 1 9 3 7 5 Temperature cables in bins : 21 52 67 23 49 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean aeration ducts : 65 75 78 79 80 Control vegetation around bins : 92 98 98 98 96 Core bins after filling : 67 70 68 44 72 Spray/fumigate empty bins : 71 57 53 50 51 Hose down empty bins : 29 12 21 14 13 Pick up spilled grain/clean : surrounding area : 96 100 99 99 98 Sweep/vaccum empty bins : 93 89 91 93 92 Other cleaning activities : 3 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002, Spring and Summer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :----------------------------------------------- : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS : MN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Inspect for Insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 2 1 8 3 3 1 Twice a week : 2 3 2 3 1 Weekly : 4 28 12 12 31 5 Every two weeks : 2 9 4 8 10 4 Monthly : 4 23 8 13 22 6 Other : 2 1 5 3 4 1 Do not inspect : 2 2 4 2 2 4 Do not have this structure : 85 34 56 57 25 77 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 10 1 8 5 1 9 Twice a week : 6 3 5 7 2 2 Weekly : 37 37 22 29 19 21 Every two weeks : 2 19 9 18 8 20 Monthly : 15 32 27 29 30 27 Other : 2 2 11 4 10 3 Do not inspect : 25 1 7 4 2 9 Do not have this structure : 4 5 10 5 28 9 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 2 1 3 3 Twice a week : 1 6 1 2 Weekly : 4 13 5 15 3 11 Every two weeks : 6 1 9 2 13 Monthly : 15 3 10 9 21 Other : 2 2 4 2 1 2 Do not inspect : 4 1 3 2 2 4 Do not have this structure : 88 62 83 53 81 43 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002, Spring and Summer (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :-------------------------------------------- : MO : NE : OH : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Inspect for Insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 3 4 7 3 3 Twice a week : 6 9 5 3 Weekly : 7 21 17 12 18 Every two weeks : 2 4 9 8 7 Monthly : 6 24 17 6 16 Other : 9 1 3 Do not inspect : 2 1 7 3 3 Do not have this structure : 80 38 26 62 47 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 1 3 7 6 4 Twice a week : 3 3 12 6 5 Weekly : 32 28 18 18 27 Every two weeks : 13 13 9 21 15 Monthly : 36 34 15 20 28 Other : 2 1 9 5 4 Do not inspect : 8 8 8 10 6 Do not have this structure : 5 9 23 14 11 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 2 3 1 2 Twice a week : 3 1 2 Weekly : 3 17 2 3 10 Every two weeks : 1 6 1 4 5 Monthly : 7 24 2 2 12 Other : 1 1 Do not inspect : 1 4 1 1 2 Do not have this structure : 87 43 91 88 66 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002, Spring and Summer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :----------------------------------------------- : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS : MN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 6 2 5 2 5 Twice a week : 4 3 7 1 Weekly : 4 21 18 14 41 4 Every two weeks : 9 5 5 9 3 Monthly : 2 15 5 4 8 5 Other : 3 2 2 2 2 Do not inspect : 4 12 10 12 4 8 Do not have this structure : 85 34 56 57 25 77 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 13 2 7 2 2 3 Twice a week : 8 7 4 4 3 Weekly : 19 28 21 22 27 17 Every two weeks : 2 15 9 11 8 11 Monthly : 17 24 17 20 19 23 Other : 4 4 8 9 3 10 Do not inspect : 33 16 28 26 9 24 Do not have this structure : 4 5 10 5 28 9 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 4 1 1 1 Twice a week : 2 1 2 1 2 Weekly : 2 12 5 13 5 9 Every two weeks : 4 2 5 3 6 Monthly : 11 2 7 6 13 Other : 4 2 3 1 6 Do not inspect : 4 7 5 16 3 20 Do not have this structure : 88 62 83 53 81 43 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002, Spring and Summer (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :-------------------------------------------- : MO : NE : OH : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 3 4 13 3 4 Twice a week : 2 4 14 5 4 Weekly : 6 25 24 12 19 Every two weeks : 3 5 4 6 Monthly : 3 17 8 3 9 Other : 3 1 1 2 Do not inspect : 5 5 9 11 9 Do not have this structure : 80 38 26 62 47 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 6 4 13 5 4 Twice a week : 5 2 13 5 5 Weekly : 21 27 22 10 23 Every two weeks : 6 8 5 7 10 Monthly : 24 24 7 6 20 Other : 1 5 3 7 6 Do not inspect : 32 21 13 46 21 Do not have this structure : 5 9 23 14 11 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 4 2 1 Twice a week : 1 1 1 Weekly : 2 14 4 8 Every two weeks : 1 6 1 1 3 Monthly : 6 15 1 1 8 Other : 3 3 Do not inspect : 4 15 5 5 9 Do not have this structure : 87 43 91 88 66 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002, Fall and Winter -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :----------------------------------------------- : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS : MN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Inspect for Insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 4 1 8 3 2 1 Twice a week : 1 2 2 3 1 Weekly : 2 22 10 11 31 5 Every two weeks : 2 15 3 7 10 3 Monthly : 4 25 8 13 22 7 Other : 2 1 6 4 6 1 Do not inspect : 2 1 7 3 1 5 Do not have this structure : 85 34 56 57 25 77 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 12 1 10 4 1 9 Twice a week : 6 3 2 7 2 3 Weekly : 40 30 21 23 19 19 Every two weeks : 2 23 6 18 9 19 Monthly : 13 35 28 32 30 28 Other : 2 2 12 5 10 3 Do not inspect : 21 1 10 6 2 10 Do not have this structure : 4 5 10 5 28 9 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 4 1 3 1 3 Twice a week : 1 6 2 Weekly : 2 9 5 14 3 10 Every two weeks : 10 1 8 1 12 Monthly : 16 4 11 10 21 Other : 2 1 4 3 2 3 Do not inspect : 4 1 2 2 1 5 Do not have this structure : 88 62 83 53 81 43 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002, Fall and Winter (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :-------------------------------------------- : MO : NE : OH : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Inspect for Insects: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 3 4 7 4 3 Twice a week : 6 9 5 3 Weekly : 5 21 15 12 16 Every two weeks : 1 4 9 6 8 Monthly : 9 25 18 8 17 Other : 9 1 3 Do not inspect : 2 1 8 3 3 Do not have this structure : 80 38 26 62 47 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 2 3 7 6 4 Twice a week : 3 2 11 6 4 Weekly : 26 28 16 17 24 Every two weeks : 9 10 8 19 15 Monthly : 42 37 17 23 31 Other : 2 1 9 3 5 Do not inspect : 11 9 9 10 6 Do not have this structure : 5 9 23 14 11 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 2 3 2 2 Twice a week : 2 1 2 Weekly : 3 17 2 2 8 Every two weeks : 6 1 3 6 Monthly : 6 25 2 2 12 Other : 1 1 Do not inspect : 3 4 1 1 2 Do not have this structure : 87 43 91 88 66 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002, Fall and Winter -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :----------------------------------------------- : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS : MN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 10 2 5 2 4 Twice a week : 4 2 8 1 Weekly : 21 16 13 40 5 Every two weeks : 9 5 5 8 3 Monthly : 2 15 5 5 10 5 Other : 3 2 3 2 2 Do not inspect : 4 12 10 12 3 8 Do not have this structure : 85 34 56 57 25 77 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 15 2 8 2 1 3 Twice a week : 6 7 1 4 5 3 Weekly : 23 30 18 19 26 16 Every two weeks : 4 14 9 11 8 12 Monthly : 15 24 16 23 20 24 Other : 4 4 8 10 3 10 Do not inspect : 29 15 28 26 9 23 Do not have this structure : 4 5 10 5 28 9 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 6 1 1 Twice a week : 1 2 1 2 Weekly : 2 12 5 12 5 10 Every two weeks : 4 2 4 3 6 Monthly : 10 2 9 7 14 Other : 3 2 4 1 5 Do not inspect : 4 7 5 15 2 19 Do not have this structure : 88 62 83 53 81 43 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, All Grains Handled, 2002, Fall and Winter (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :-------------------------------------------- : MO : NE : OH : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Measure Grain Temperature: : : Concrete Silos: : : Daily : 3 3 13 3 4 Twice a week : 2 4 16 5 5 Weekly : 5 26 22 11 18 Every two weeks : 3 6 5 6 Monthly : 5 17 8 3 10 Other : 3 1 1 2 Do not inspect : 5 5 8 11 9 Do not have this structure : 80 38 26 62 47 : Steel Tanks or Bins: : : Daily : 5 2 13 5 4 Twice a week : 4 2 15 5 5 Weekly : 19 30 20 10 23 Every two weeks : 3 8 6 7 10 Monthly : 31 23 7 6 20 Other : 1 4 2 8 6 Do not inspect : 32 21 13 45 21 Do not have this structure : 5 9 23 14 11 : Other Structures: : : Daily : 2 2 1 1 Twice a week : 2 1 1 Weekly : 2 16 3 9 Every two weeks : 1 6 1 3 Monthly : 6 15 1 1 8 Other : 3 3 Do not inspect : 4 15 5 5 9 Do not have this structure : 87 43 91 88 66 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pest Management Practices, Strategies Used in Determining Fumigation Schedule, All Grains Handled, 2002 Crop Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :----------------------------------------------- : AR : IL : IN : IA : KS : MN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Preset Calendar Date : 4 Bin Samples : 64 5 25 5 18 Scheduled with other : handling operations : 9 13 10 14 Insect Trap Counts : 9 3 13 5 2 Visual Grain Inspection : 9 54 50 69 56 100 Customer Request : 9 20 5 Other : 4 13 5 6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --continued Pest Management Practices, Strategies Used in Determining Fumigation Schedule, All Grains Handled, 2002 Crop Year (continued) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :----------------------------------------------- : MO : NE : OH : TX : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Preset Calendar Date : 6 2 Bin Samples : 4 17 6 23 15 Scheduled with other : handling operations : 4 2 6 8 Insect Trap Counts : 3 3 3 3 Visual Grain Inspection : 61 62 79 61 59 Customer Request : 30 3 3 6 Other : 12 9 6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Survey Procedures Operations were chosen from the off-farm grain storage facilities on the NASS List Sampling Frame known to or expected to handle corn or soybeans sometime from September 1, 2002 to August 31, 2003. Positive reports from the NASS Grain Stocks survey were used as the sampling frame. Nearly 2,300 operations were selected to participate in the 2003 Corn and Soybean Postharvest Survey, referencing the 2002-2003 crop marketing year. Estimation Procedures The chemical applications data, reported by product name or trade name, were reviewed within each State and across all program States for reasonableness and consistency. This review compared reported data with manufacturers' recommendations and with data from other operations using the same product. Following this review, product information was converted to active ingredient level. The chemical usage estimates in this publication consist of survey estimates of those active ingredients. Detailed data within a table may not multiply across or add down due to independent rounding of the published values. Reliability The probability nature of the survey provides for expansion of data so estimates are statistically representative of chemical use on the targeted commodities in the surveyed States. The reliability of these survey results are affected by sampling variability and non-sampling errors. Sampling variability of the estimates differs by chemical and crop. In general, the more often the chemical was applied, the smaller the sampling variability. For example, estimates of use of a commonly used product, such as aluminum phosphide on grains, exhibit less variability than a rarely used product. Non-sampling errors are errors that occur during a survey process and, unlike sampling variability, are difficult to measure. They may be caused by interviewers failing to follow instructions, poorly worded questions, non-response, problematic survey procedures, or data handling between collection and publication. In this survey, procedures and analysis were carried out in a consistent and orderly manner to minimize the occurrence of these types of errors. Variability for estimates of volume of the commodity handled will be higher than the variability for estimates of application rates. This is because application rates have a narrower range of responses, are recommended by the manufacturer of the product, and are generally followed. Terms and Definitions Active ingredient: The active ingredient is the specific chemical which kills or controls the target pests. Usage data are reported by pesticide product and are converted to an amount of active ingredient. Aeration controller: An automatic (usually computer-based) system that determines the optimum running time (considering humidity and temperature) for aeration fans on the grain bins. They can usually be set for drying or storage mode. Agricultural chemicals: The phrase agricultural chemicals refers to the active ingredients in pesticides. Application rates: The application rates refer to the average number of pounds of active ingredient applied at a specific volume. Rate per application is the average number of pounds applied in one application. Rate per marketing year is the average number of pounds applied counting multiple applications. Number of applications is the average number of times a treated volume receives a specific agricultural chemical. Common name: The common name is an officially recognized name for an active ingredient. This report shows active ingredient by common name. Core bins after filling: When grain is placed into a bin, it is usually filled from the top. Because grain contains other things (including broken pieces of grain), smaller particles (called fines) tend to concentrate in the center of the bin. This finer material compacts, restricting airflow which in turn affects grain temperatures and thus pests. For this reason, it is recommended that a portion of grain is extracted from the bottom center of the bin. This core can then be reloaded onto the top and spread over the surface to distribute the fines evenly. Deep bin sampler: Usually a vacuum type device that allows one to reach deeply into a grain bin and sample grain that is normally out of reach to typical probe samplers. Fumigant: A substance or mixture of substances which produce a gas vapor, fume, or smoke intended to destroy insects, rodents, or bacteria. Grain spreader: When grain is loaded into the grain bin, it can first be put through a spreader which swings the grain out from the fall line and fills the bin uniformly rather than forming a cone in the center of the bin. Marketing year: A marketing year refers to the period immediately following harvest of the crop through the marketing or disposition of the crop. Pesticides: As defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), pesticides include any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. Postharvest: After the commodity is harvested from the field, any subsequent activity is termed postharvest. Postharvest chemical usage refers to chemical applications after the commodity is taken from the field or orchard. Processor: Processors actually change the form of the commodity. These firms may have storage facilities. Trade name: A trademark name given to a specific formulation of a pesticide product. A formulation contains a specific concentration of the active ingredient, carrier materials, and other ingredients such as emulsifiers and wetting agents. Some formulations as in the case of pre-mixes, can contain more than one active ingredient. Volume handled: The volume of a commodity handled by the market segment. In this release, it is the total amount of a commodity summarized in the particular table that passed through the firms. Volume treated: The amount that represents the percentage of volume handled receiving one or more applications of a specific agricultural chemical. This report does not contain total quantity treatments. However, total quantity treatments can be calculated by multiplying the total volume handled by the percent of volume treated and the average number of applications. Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes The following is a list of common name, associated class and trade name of active ingredients in this publication. The classes are insecticides (I) and fungicides (F). This list is provided as an aid in reviewing the data. Pre-mixes are not cataloged. The list may not be complete for all postharvest chemicals used on corn and soybeans, and NASS does not mean to imply use of any specific trade name. Class: Common Name: Trade Name: I Aluminum phosphide several I Carbon dioxide Eco2Fume F Carboxin Thiram, Vitavax I Chlorpyrifos Lorsban I Chlorpyrifos-methyl Reldan F Fludioxonil Maxim I Malathion several F Metalaxyl Apron I Methyl bromide several I N-octy biclycloheptene dicarbo. BP-300 I Petroleum distillate Alleviate I Phosphine gas Eco2Fume I Piperonyl butoxide Alleviate,Prentox Spray, BP-300 I Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic F Propionic acid Proprionic Acid I Pyrethrins Pyronyl Spray, BP-300 I Silica gel Protect-it I Silicon dioxide Diatomaceous Earth, Insecto, Protect-It F Thiram Vitavax, Thiram-Vitavax Report Features Released March 10, 2004, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage" call (202) 720-6146, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. The next "Agricultural Chemical Usage: Postharvest Applications" will be released March 2005. This report will cover the use of postharvest chemicals used on oranges. Listed below are persons within the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. Michelle Radice, Environmental Statistician (202) 690-2284 Sarah Hoffman, Head, Environmental and Demographics Section (202) 720-0684 Linda Hutton, Chief, Environmental, Economics and Demographics Branch (202) 720-6146 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) 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