United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service Ag Ch 1 (05) Agricultural Chemical Usage Postharvest Applications - Oranges Summary March 2005 Table of Contents Page Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Chemical Applications Tables Valencia Oranges: Percent Treated and Total Applied . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Valencia Oranges: Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied . . . . . 4 Early-Midseason-Navel Oranges: Percent Treated and Total Applied . . . . . 6 Early-Midseason-Navel Oranges: Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied 6 Navel Oranges: Percent Treated and Total Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Navel Oranges: Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied. . . . . . . . 7 Postharvest Wax Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Postharvest Alkaline Cleaner Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Postharvest Color Additive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Methods of Pesticide Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Pest Management Practices - - - All Citrus Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Total of Program States. . . . . 12 Strategies Used in Determining Fumigation Schedule, Total of Program States14 Survey Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Estimation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Trade Names and Common Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Survey Instruments California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Report Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 . Overview The agricultural chemical use estimates in this report are based on data compiled from the 2004 Postharvest Chemical Use Survey. The Postharvest Survey was conducted for Valencia and Navel oranges marketed from November 2003 through December 2004 in California, and for Early-Midseason-Navels and Valencia oranges marketed from October 2003 through July 2004 in Florida. All results refer to pesticide applications made at off-farm facilities after the fruit was harvested. These applications were made at the orange packing or the processing facility. On-farm postharvest applications were beyond the scope of this survey. It should be noted that Florida experienced four hurricanes during the data collection period. This weather anomaly caused difficulties in the enumeration of the survey in some areas of Florida. In the two States surveyed, there were 83 Valencia orange facility reports summarized. In Florida, 55 facility reports contributed to the Early-Midseason-Navel summarized data, whereas reports from 44 Navel orange facilities in California were summarized. This information is included in the table below. Agricultural Chemical Use Survey Coverage, 2003-2004 Marketing Year Number of Reports Summarized State Valencia Early-Midseason-Navels Navels California 42 n/a 44 Florida 41 55 n/a n/a - not applicable, that is, this particular variety was not surveyed for this State Oranges moving from a packinghouse operation to a processing operation will be duplicated in the reported total amount handled. The intent of the survey was to obtain the entire amount of chemicals applied to fresh and processed oranges; therefore, this duplication is necessary. All Navels, Valencia, and Early-Midseason-Navel oranges in the selected States in the survey were included; State or region of origin was not considered a factor. Totals for the States surveyed as well as individual State totals are published for the percent of oranges treated, rate per application, rate per marketing year, and the total amount of active ingredient applied. Other tables included in this report detail total pesticide usage by class, methods of pesticide applications, and volume of fruit treated with wax, alkaline cleaners, and color additives. Though commonly used as a carrier, the active ingredient petroleum distillate is classified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a pesticide. Therefore, petroleum distillate is reported in the insecticide class of postharvest chemicals applied, based on the EPA classification. Orange packing, processing, and storage operators were also asked a series of questions concerning their pest management practices related to all citrus fruit handled. Answers to these questions are summarized and included in this report. A copy of the survey instruments used to collect the data in each State are also included. Highlights 2004 Valencia Orange Postharvest Agricultural Chemical Use: Valencia orange processors, packers, shippers, and storage facilities applied a total of 16,900 pounds of postharvest active ingredients classified as fungicides to Valencia oranges in Florida from October 2003 through July 2004, and from November 2003 through December 2004 in California. Operations handling Valencia oranges applied 173,700 pounds of active ingredients in the 'other' classification. Active ingredients classified as 'other' are not of the insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide nature, but include other types of postharvest chemicals such as antioxidants, waxes, defoamers, and fruit wash and/or cleaner treatments. On a State-by-State basis, an undisclosed amount of insecticide was used on the Valencia oranges as there was an insufficient number of reports to publish the insecticide data. The two States handled almost 7,392 million pounds of Valencia oranges. Commonly Used Active Ingredients on Valencia Oranges: The active ingredient classified as fungicide most commonly used as a postharvest application to Valencia oranges based on total pounds applied in the States surveyed was sodium o-phenylphenate (SOPP), at 11,300 pounds, followed by imazalil, at 2,800 pounds, and thiabenzadole (TBZ), at 2,600 pounds. The 'other' active ingredients most commonly used included phosphoric acid, at 94,300 pounds, followed by dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid at 28,900 pounds, and sodium hypochlorite, at 21,900 pounds. 2004 Early-Midseason-Navel Orange Postharvest Agricultural Chemical Use: Processors, packers, shippers, and storage facilities handling Early-Midseason-Navel oranges in Florida applied a total of 8,400 pounds of fungicide postharvest active ingredients from October 2003 through July 2004. Operations handling Early-Midseason-Navel oranges applied 175,300 pounds of active ingredients in the 'other' classification. Active ingredients classified as 'other' are not of the insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide nature, but include other types of postharvest chemicals such as antioxidants, waxes, defoamers, and fruit wash and/or cleaner treatments. Florida handled over 6,024 million pounds of Early-Midseason-Navel oranges. Commonly Used Active Ingredients on Early-Midseason-Navel Oranges: The active ingredient classified as a fungicide that was most commonly used as a postharvest application on Early-Midseason-Navel oranges based on total pounds applied in Florida was sodium o-phenylphenate (SOPP), at 6,600 pounds, followed by thiabenzadole (TBZ), at 1,500 pounds. The 'other' active ingredients most commonly used included phosphoric acid, at 106,800 pounds, followed by dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid at 36,900 pounds. Highlights (continued) 2004 Navel Orange Postharvest Agricultural Chemical Use: Processors, packers, shippers, and storage facilities handling Navel oranges in California applied a total of 250,700 pounds of fungicide postharvest active ingredients from November 2003 through December 2004. Operations handling Navel oranges applied 195,400 pounds of active ingredients in the 'other' classification. Active ingredients classified as 'other' are not of the insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide nature, but include other types of postharvest chemicals such as antioxidants, waxes, defoamers, and fruit wash and/or cleaner treatments. On a State-by-State basis, an undisclosed amount of insecticide was used on the Navel oranges as there was an insufficient number of reports to publish the insecticide data. California handled just over 3,066 million pounds of Navel oranges. Commonly Used Active Ingredients on Navel Oranges: The active ingredient most commonly used as a postharvest application to act as a fungicide on Navel oranges based on total pounds applied in California was imazalil at 208,500 pounds, followed by thiabendazole at 3,300 pounds and sodium o-phenylphenate (SOPP) at 2,600 pounds. The 'other' active ingredients most commonly used included phosphoric acid, at 63,600 pounds, followed by sodium hypochlorite, at 44,500 pounds. Application Methods: Of the total chemical applications made to the 2003-2004 marketing year orange varieties surveyed in the two selected States, direct spray/foam was the most commonly used application method, followed by drip/brush on. Other application methods included drench, dip in fruit bath/wash, and gas/fog. Pest Management Practices: The pest management practices section of the questionnaire asked for mechanical devices or cleaning practices used at the operations surveyed in the two States. This section asked about practices used on all citrus fruit in the operation, not just the specific varieties on which chemical usage data were collected. In general, most of the operations used pest or rodent control measures and/or culled inferior fruit in the citrus facilities. The most commonly used cleaning activities included cleaning or sanitizing packing/processing facilities and equipment, picking up spilled fruit, and sweeping or vacuuming facility floors. Valencia Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, Program States and Total, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : Volume :----------------------------------------------------------- : Handled : Insecticide 1/ : Fungicide : Other Chemical -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Mil. lbs Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 Percent 1,000 : lbs lbs lbs : CA : 1,060.2 71.80 6.9 78.97 44.8 FL : 6,331.6 2.95 10.0 98.92 128.9 : Total : 7,391.7 12.82 16.9 96.06 173.7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Insufficient reports to publish data for this pesticide class. Valencia Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied, Total of Program States, 2003-04 Marketing Year 1/2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural :Volume :Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical :Treated:cations:Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 lbs 1,000 lbs : Fungicides: : Imazalil : 8.73 1.2 0.004 0.004 2.8 Sodium o-phenylphenate : 4.05 1.0 0.04 0.04 11.3 Thiabendazole : 7.40 1.0 0.005 0.005 2.6 : Other: : Chlorine : 4.76 1.0 0.05 0.05 16.6 Citric acid : 10.27 1.0 * * 0.1 Dodecylbenzene sodium : sulfonate : 1.97 1.0 0.001 0.001 0.1 Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid: 49.46 1.0 0.01 0.01 28.9 Ethylene, compressed : 1.55 1.0 0.04 0.04 4.2 Hydrogen chloride : 1.61 1.0 0.004 0.004 0.5 Isopropyl alcohol : 49.46 1.0 0.001 0.001 2.7 Phosphoric acid : 75.13 1.0 0.02 0.02 94.3 Silicon emulsion : 7.40 1.0 * * 0.03 Sodium hypochlorite : 7.84 1.0 0.04 0.04 21.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Rate applied is less than 0.0005 pounds per 1,000 pounds of Valencia oranges. 1/ Volume handled by Valencia packing/shipping facilities and processing in the two States surveyed was 7,391.7 million pounds. States included are CA and FL. 2/ Insufficient or limited reports to publish usage data for calcium hypochlorite, citric acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, gibberellic acid, hydrogen peroxide (dioxide), isopropyl ester, peroxyacetic (peracetic) acid, petroleum distillate, piperonyl butoxide, Pseudomonas syringae ESC-11, pyrethrins, silicon dioxide, sodium bicarbonate, and sulfur. Valencia Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied, California, 2003-04 Marketing Year 1/2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume :Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical :Treated :cations:Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 lbs 1,000 lbs : Fungicides: : Imazalil : 54.54 1.2 0.003 0.004 2.5 Sodium 0-phenylphenate : 12.73 1.0 0.02 0.02 3.1 Thiabendazole : 41.12 1.0 0.003 0.003 1.2 : Other: : Chlorine : 27.87 1.0 0.04 0.04 11.3 Dodecylbenzene sodium : sulfonate : 12.30 1.0 * * 0.05 Ethylene, compressed : 4.30 1.0 0.05 0.05 2.5 Phosphoric acid : 11.41 1.2 0.05 0.05 6.5 Silicon emulsion : 7.40 1.0 * * 0.03 Sodium hypochlorite : 49.14 1.0 0.04 0.04 20.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Rate applied is less than 0.0005 pounds per 1,000 pound of Valencia oranges. 1/ Volume handled by California Valencia orange packing/shipping facilities was 1,060.2 million pounds. 2/ Insufficient or limited reports to publish usage data for calcium hypochlorite, citric acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, gibberellic acid, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide (dioxide), isopropyl alcohol, isopropyl ester, peroxyacetic (peracetic) acid, petroleum distillate, piperonyl butoxide, Pseudomonas syringae ESC-11, pyrethrins, silicon dioxide, sodium bicarbonate, and sulfur. Valencia Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied, Florida, 2003-04 Marketing Year 1/2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume : Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical :Treated : cations :Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 lbs 1,000 lbs : Fungicides: : Imazalil : 1.06 1.1 0.004 0.005 0.3 Sodium o-phenylphenate : 2.59 1.0 0.05 0.05 8.2 Thiabendazole : 1.76 1.1 0.01 0.01 1.4 : Other: : Chlorine : 0.89 1.0 0.10 0.10 5.4 Dodecylbenzene sodium : sulfonate : 0.24 1.0 0.004 0.004 0.1 Ethylene, compressed : 1.09 1.0 0.03 0.03 1.7 Phosphoric acid : 85.80 1.0 0.02 0.02 87.8 Sodium hypochlorite : 0.92 1.0 0.02 0.02 1.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Florida orange processing was 6,331.6 million pounds. 2/ Insufficient or limited reports to publish usage data for chlorine dioxide, citric acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide (dioxide), isopropyl alcohol, and peroxyacetic (peracetic) acid. Early-Midseason-Navel Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, Florida, 2003-04 Marketing Year ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Volume : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : :-------------------------------------------- : Handled : Fungicide : Other Chemical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Mil. lbs Percent 1,000 lbs Percent 1,000 lbs : : FL : 6,024.2 3.46 8.4 99.26 175.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Early-Midseason-Navel Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied, Florida, 2003-04 Marketing Year 1/2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural : Volume :Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical :Treated :cations:Application: Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 lbs 1,000 lbs : Fungicides: : Imazalil : 1.64 1.2 0.003 0.003 0.3 Sodium o-phenylphenate : 2.76 1.1 0.04 0.04 6.6 Thiabendazole : 2.42 1.3 0.01 0.01 1.5 : Other: : Chlorine : 5.67 1.0 0.02 0.02 7.6 Dodecylbenzene sodium : sulfonate : 0.28 1.0 0.005 0.005 0.1 Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid: 62.01 1.1 0.01 0.01 36.9 Ethylene, compressed : 4.21 1.0 0.05 0.05 12.8 Hydrogen Chloride : 3.61 1.0 0.001 0.001 0.1 Isopropyl alcohol : 62.01 1.0 0.001 0.001 3.5 Phosphoric acid : 83.13 1.0 0.02 0.02 106.8 Sodium hypochlorite : 6.22 1.0 0.004 0.004 1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Volume handled by Florida orange processing was 6,024.2 million pounds. 2/ Insufficient or limited reports to publish usage data for chlorine dioxide, citric acid, hydrogen peroxide (dioxide), and peroxyacetic (peracetic) acid. Navel Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied, California, 2003-04 Marketing Year ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Volume : Percent Treated and Total Applied State : :-------------------------------------------- : Handled : Fungicide : Other Chemical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Mil. lbs Percent 1,000 lbs Percent 1,000 lbs : : CA : 3,066.3 75.89 250.7 82.57 195.4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Navel Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Applications, Chemical Application Rates and Total Applied, California, 2003-04 Marketing Year 1/2/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agricultural :Volume :Appli- : Rate per : Rate per : Total Chemical :Treated:cations:Application : Mkt. Year : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :Percent Number Pounds per 1,000 lbs 1,000 lbs : Fungicides: : Imazalil : 65.64 1.2 0.09 0.10 208.5 Sodium o-phenylphenate : 9.77 1.0 0.01 0.01 2.6 Thiabendazole : 46.30 1.0 0.002 0.002 3.3 : Other: : Chlorine : 35.49 1.0 0.03 0.03 33.5 Dodecylbenzene sodium : sulfonate : 11.55 1.0 * * 0.1 Ethylene, compressed : 7.82 1.0 0.10 0.10 24.7 Gibberellic acid : 7.19 1.0 * * 0.03 Phosphoric acid : 25.21 1.2 0.07 0.08 63.6 Silicon emulsion : 12.06 1.0 * * 0.2 Sodium hypochlorite : 39.24 1.0 0.04 0.04 44.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Rate applied is less than 0.0005 pounds of navel oranges. 1/ Volume handled by California orange processing was 3,066.3 million pounds. 2/ Insufficient or limited reports to publish usage data for calcium hypochlorite, citric acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide (dioxide), isopropyl alcohol, isoproply ester, peroxyacetic (peracetic) acid, Pseudomonas syringae ESC-11, pyrethrins, silicon dioxide, sodium bicarbonate, and sulfur. Valencia Oranges: Postharvest Wax Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied Program States and Total, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of : Total : Total State : Volume Treated : Volume Handled : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Million lbs 1,000 lbs : : CA : 64.34 1,060.2 113.6 FL : 2.27 6,331.6 9.5 : Total : 11.17 7,391.7 123.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Early-Midseason-Navel Oranges: Postharvest Wax Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied Florida, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of : Total : Total State : Volume Treated : Volume Handled : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Million lbs 1,000 lbs : : FL : 4.17 6,024.2 15.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Navel Oranges: Postharvest Wax Applications, Percent Treated with Wax, and Total Applied California, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of : Total : Total State : Volume Treated : Volume Handled : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Million lbs 1,000 lbs : : CA : 62.84 3,066.3 395.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Valencia Oranges: Postharvest Alkaline Cleaner Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied Program States and Total, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of : Total : Total State : Volume Treated : Volume Handled : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Million lbs 1,000 lbs : : CA : 6.95 1,060.2 * FL : 0.16 6,331.6 * : Total : 1.13 7,391.7 0.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Data not published due to disclosure restrictions. Early-Midseason-Navel Oranges: Postharvest Alkaline Cleaner Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied Florida, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of : Total : Total State : Volume Treated : Volume Handled : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Million lbs 1,000 lbs : : FL : 0.64 6,024.2 0.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Navel Oranges: Postharvest Alkaline Cleaner Applications, Percent Treated with Wax, and Total Applied California, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of : Total : Total State : Volume Treated : Volume Handled : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Million lbs 1,000 lbs : : CA : 15.71 3,066.3 2.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Valencia Oranges: Postharvest Color Additive Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied Program States and Total, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of : Total : Total State : Volume Treated : Volume Handled : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Million lbs 1,000 lbs : : FL : 1.45 6,331.6 0.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Early-Midseason-Navel Oranges: Postharvest Color Additive Applications, Percent Treated and Total Applied Florida, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of : Total : Total State : Volume Treated : Volume Handled : Applied -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent Million lbs 1,000 lbs : : FL : 4.23 6,024.2 0.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Valencia Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Use, Application Methods Used, Total of Program States, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Application Method : Total of States Surveyed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Applications : : Dip in Fruit Bath/Wash : 11.9 Direct Spray/Foam : 45.8 Drench : 8.0 Drip/Brush-On : 27.2 Gas/Fog : 7.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Early-Midseason-Navel Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Use, Application Methods Used, Total of Program States, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Application Method : Total of States Surveyed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Applications : : Dip in Fruit Bath/Wash : 9.4 Direct Spray/Foam : 35.0 Drench : 11.3 Drip/Brush-On : 35.0 Gas/Fog : 9.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Navel Oranges: Postharvest Chemical Use, Application Methods Used, Total of Program States, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Application Method : Total of States Surveyed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Applications : : Dip in Fruit Bath/Wash : 13.1 Direct Spray/Foam : 54.5 Drench : 5.8 Drip/Brush-On : 19.4 Gas/Fog : 7.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All Citrus: Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Total of Program States, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :----------------------------- : CA : FL : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Mechanical Devices: : : : Alkaline treatments (such as sodium : or potassium biocarbonate) to : control mold and/or rot : 63 40 50 Cooling refrigeration rooms at : 50 degrees Fahrenheit or lower : 95 54 71 Controlled humidity and temperatures : in degreening process : 95 61 75 Culling mechanisms : 88 79 83 Frequently changed fruit bath or : process wash water : 98 61 76 Ozonated water to reduce levels of : fruit pathogens : 12 12 12 Ozone gas in storage facilities : 17 11 13 Pest or rodent control measures : 100 89 94 : Cleaning Activities: : : Clean or sanitize packing/processing : facilities and equipment : 100 100 100 Clean or santize structures in : storage rooms : 100 90 94 Control vegetation around stored : cartons, bins, or boxes : 95 86 90 Hose down, rinse, sweep, or vacuum : empty bins/boxes : 95 93 94 Pick up spilled fruit : 100 98 99 Sweep or vacuum facility floors : 100 98 99 Use Clean-in-Place (CIP), or any : automated clean-up system : 20 45 35 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All Citrus: Pest Management Practices, Percent of Operations Utilizing Practice, Total of Program States, 2003-04 Marketing Year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Program States Practice :----------------------------- : CA : FL : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Percent of Operations : Measure Storage Facility Temperature: : : Cooling Room: : : Automatically monitored : 44 12 25 Hourly : 12 5 8 Daily : 41 35 38 Twice a week : 2 1 Weekly : Other : Do not monitor : 2 5 4 Do not have this structure : 40 24 : : Degreening Room: : : Automatically monitored : 27 9 16 Hourly : 15 21 18 Daily : 44 32 37 Twice a week : 2 2 2 Weekly : Other : Do not monitor : 7 4 5 Do not have this structure : 5 33 22 : : Other Structures: : : Automatically monitored : 5 2 3 Hourly : 5 2 Daily : 37 12 22 Twice a week : Weekly : 5 2 Other : Do not monitor : 15 5 9 Do not have this structure : 34 81 62 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All Citrus: Pest Management Practices, Strategies Used in Determining Fumigation Schedule Program States and Total, 2003-04 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : States Surveyed Practice :----------------------------- : CA : FL : ALL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Pct. of Operations : Bin Samples : 80 39 57 Combined with other : handling operations : Marketing requirement : 20 56 40 Preset Calendar Date : 6 3 Other : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Survey Procedures Operations chosen from the NASS List Sampling Frame were known to or expected to handle oranges. Generally, all operations known to engage in processing, packing, shipping, or holding Valencia and/or Navel oranges in California, or Early-Midseason-Navels and/or Valencia oranges in Florida were included in this survey. There were almost 200 operations selected to participate in the 2004 Orange Postharvest Chemical Use Survey, referencing the 2003-2004 orange crops in each State. Estimation Procedures The chemical applications data, reported by product name or trade name, were reviewed within State and across the two States for reasonableness and consistency. This review compared reported data with manufacturers' recommendations and with data from other operations using the same product. Following this review, product information was converted to active ingredient level. The chemical usage estimates in this publication are of those active ingredients. Detailed data within a table may not multiply across or add down due to independent rounding of the published values. Reliability The probability nature of the survey provides for expansion of data so estimates are statistically representative of chemical use on the targeted commodities in the surveyed States. The reliability of these survey results is affected by sampling variability and non-sampling errors. Sampling variability of the estimates differs by chemical and crop. In general, the more often the chemical was applied, the smaller the sampling variability. For example, estimates of use of a commonly used product, such as phosphoric acid on oranges, exhibit less variability than a rarely used product. Non-sampling errors are errors that occur during a survey process and, unlike sampling variability, are difficult to measure. They may be caused by interviewers failing to follow instructions, poorly worded questions, non-response, problematic survey procedures, or data handling between collection and publication. In this survey, procedures and analyses were carried out in a consistent and orderly manner to minimize the occurrence of these types of errors. Variability for estimates of volume of the commodity handled will be higher than the variability for estimates of application rates. This is because application rates have a narrower range of responses and the manufacturers' recommended rates are generally followed. Terms and Definitions Active ingredient: The active ingredient is the specific chemical which kills or controls the target pests. Usage data are reported by pesticide product and are converted to an amount of active ingredient. Agricultural chemicals: The phrase 'agricultural chemicals' refers to the active ingredients in pesticides. Antioxidant: A substance that prevents or slows the breakdown of another substance by oxygen. Often, antioxidants are added to foods to prevent them from becoming rancid or from discoloring. Application rates: The application rates refer to the average number of pounds of a pesticide active ingredient applied to a volume of product. Rate per application is the average number of pounds applied in one application. Rate per marketing year is the average number of pounds applied counting multiple applications. Number of applications is the average number of times a treated volume receives a specific agricultural chemical. Common name: The common name is an officially recognized name for an active ingredient. This report shows active ingredient by common name. Fumigant: A substance or mixture of substances which produce a gas vapor, fume, or smoke intended to destroy insects, rodents, or bacteria. Marketing year: A marketing year refers to the period immediately following harvest of the crop through the marketing or disposition of the crop. For purposes of this survey, the California marketing year for the 2003-2004 orange crop was November 2003 through December 2004. In Florida, the marketing year for the 2003-2004 orange crop was October 2003 through July 2004. Packers and Shippers: Packers and shippers generally prepare the commodity for fresh market distribution. They may have holding or storage facilities as well. Those elements of the commodity which do not meet the fresh market standards are often moved to processors. Pesticides: As defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), pesticides include any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant. Postharvest: After the commodity is harvested from the field, any subsequent activity is termed postharvest. Postharvest chemical usage refers to chemical applications after the commodity is taken from the field or orchard. Terms and Definitions (continued) Processor: Processors actually change the form of the commodity. These firms may have holding or storage facilities. Total volume handled: The volume of a commodity handled by the market segment. For purposes of this release, total volume handled is the total amount of Valencia, Early-Midseaon-Navel or Navel oranges that passed through the operations summarized in a particular table Trade name: A trademark name given to a specific formulation of a pesticide product. A formulation contains a specific concentration of the active ingredient, carrier materials, and other ingredients such as emulsifiers and wetting agents. Some formulations as in the case of pre-mixes, can contain more than one active ingredient. Volume treated: The amount that represents the percentage of volume handled receiving one or more applications of a specific agricultural chemical. This report does not contain total quantity treatments. However, total quantity treatments can be calculated by multiplying the total volume handled by the percent of volume treated and the average number of applications. Trade Names, Common Names, and Classes The following is a list of common name, associated class and trade name of active ingredients in this publication. The classes are fungicides (F), and other chemicals (O). This list is provided as an aid in reviewing the data. Pre-mixes are not cataloged. The list may not be complete for all postharvest chemicals used on oranges. NASS does not mean to imply use of any specific trade name. Class Common Name Trade Name O Alkaline cleaners several O Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite O Chlorine several O Citric acid Citric acid O Dodecylbenzene sodium sulfonate several O Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Fresh-Pak, CS-100, CS105 O Ethylene, compressed Ethylene, compressed O Fruit Waxes several O Hydrogen chloride Fresh-Pak, Tri-Circ O Hydrogen peroxide StorOx, VigorOx F Imazalil Deccozil EC-289, Freshgard 700, Fungaflor 500 EC O Isopropyl alcohol CS-100, CS-105 O Silicon emulsion Anti-Foam, D-Foam O Phosphoric acid Tri-Circ, CS-100, CS-105, Phosphoric Acid O Sodium hypochlorite several F Sodium o-phenylphenate Freshgard 5, SOPP, Fresh Foam F Thiabendazole (TBZ) several Report Features Released March 30, 2005, by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, U.S. Department of Agriculture. For information on "Agricultural Chemical Usage" call (202) 720-6146, office hours 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. E.T. Listed below are persons within the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. Michelle Radice, Environmental Statistician (202) 690-2284 Sarah Hoffman, Head, Environmental and Demographics Section (202) 720-0684 Linda Hutton, Chief, Environmental, Economics and Demographics Branch (202) 720-6146 ACCESS TO REPORTS!! For your convenience, there are several ways to obtain NASS reports, data products, and services: INTERNET ACCESS All NASS reports are available free of charge on the worldwide Internet. For access, connect to the Internet and go to the NASS Home Page at: www.usda.gov/nass/. Select "Today's Reports" or Publications and then Reports Calendar or Publications and then Search, by Title or Subject. E-MAIL SUBSCRIPTION All NASS reports are available by subscription free of charge direct to your e-mail address. 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